Use a browser automation tool such as Playwright to navigate to the page and save either the visible viewport or the full scrollable page. For a full-page image, pass fullPage: true to page.screenshot(). Verify the exact host and page state first, record the browser and viewport used, and stop for an authorized person if the site presents a CAPTCHA or other human check.
Choose the right screenshot for the task
Playwright supports screenshots of the visible page, the full scrollable page, a selected element, and image bytes returned as a buffer. Choose the capture scope before asking an agent to act:
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- Visible viewport: captures what is on screen at the current scroll position.
- Full page: captures the scrollable document as one image. This is useful for documenting a page from top to bottom, but can produce a very tall image.
- One element: captures a particular component, such as a notice or table, rather than the entire page.
- Image buffer: returns image data for a later processing step instead of saving directly to a file.
The official Playwright screenshot guide documents these capture methods. A screenshot is a record of one rendered state, not proof that every visitor sees the same page or that the page is unchanged at another time.
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Check the government site and capture rules first
Before navigating, confirm the complete hostname and the specific page’s ownership. The Government of India’s Guidelines for Indian Government Websites and Apps (GIGW) describe a website URL as a strong indicator of official status. A gov.in or nic.in host is a useful signal, but check the actual route and context rather than treating a domain alone as a guarantee. GIGW also notes exceptions for some eligible educational and research institutions.
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Check the target site’s terms, copyright policy, and privacy or security notices before publishing or redistributing a capture. The Indian Government website directory’s terms explain that linked external sites may have separate policies and that NIC cannot authorize third-party copyrighted material on those sites. That is not a blanket permission rule for all government websites or all reuse. When using an image in reporting, identify the source page and capture date, and obtain any permission required by the rights holder.
GIGW applies to government websites and applications at central, state, and local levels. Its guidance addresses usability, accessibility, and security, including WCAG 2.1-related matters such as text alternatives for non-text content, CAPTCHA alternatives, and accessible versions of scanned documents. A screenshot cannot convey all of that context; preserve relevant accessibility notes alongside the image.
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Capture a page with Playwright
The following Node.js example uses Playwright’s page-level screenshot API to save the entire scrollable page. Set TARGET_URL to the exact public page you have permission to access. The navigation and readiness check should be adapted to the target page; this example is documentation-based and does not claim a live test of an Indian government site.
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(async () => {
const targetUrl = process.env.TARGET_URL;
if (!targetUrl) throw new Error('Set TARGET_URL to the page to capture');
const browser = await chromium.launch({ headless: true });
const page = await browser.newPage({ viewport: { width: 1365, height: 900 } });
try {
await page.goto(targetUrl, { waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded', timeout: 60000 });
// Replace or supplement this with a page-specific readiness signal if needed.
await page.screenshot({ path: 'page.png', fullPage: true });
console.log(JSON.stringify({
finalUrl: page.url(),
capturedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
viewport: page.viewportSize(),
screenshot: 'full page',
title: await page.title()
}, null, 2));
} finally {
await browser.close();
}
})();Install Playwright in a Node project with npm install playwright, then install a supported browser with npx playwright install chromium. Run the script with TARGET_URL='https://example.gov.in/' node capture.js, replacing the example with the verified destination. If the page redirects, check the logged final URL before treating the image as a capture of the intended page.
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Change the capture scope
- For only the visible viewport, use
await page.screenshot({ path: 'page.png' });and omitfullPage. - For one component, locate it and use its screenshot method, for example
await page.locator('main').screenshot({ path: 'main.png' });. Choose a selector that uniquely identifies the intended element. - For image bytes instead of a file, use
const image = await page.screenshot({ fullPage: true });; Playwright returns a buffer.
Make the capture reproducible
Ask the agent to report the final URL, capture time, viewport dimensions, screenshot scope, and any visible error, redirect, or interstitial. Use the same browser context, viewport, and readiness condition when comparing captures. A fixed viewport documents only that viewport; GIGW guidance calls for checking sites across browsers, operating systems, connection speeds, and screen resolutions. For responsive review, capture equivalent page states at each viewport relevant to the review rather than treating one image as universal.
For pages with dynamic content, select a readiness condition tied to the page, such as a known heading or content container becoming visible. A generic load event does not guarantee that every image or delayed widget has finished rendering. Full-page capture may also encounter lazy-loaded content that only appears after scrolling; if the result is incomplete, inspect the page and use an appropriate, permitted readiness or scroll strategy rather than assuming the image represents all content.
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Handle CAPTCHA and protected steps safely
Do not ask an agent to solve, evade, or automate around a CAPTCHA, login barrier, or other human verification. Stop at the challenge and hand off to an authorized person to complete any permitted step. If the page cannot be accessed without bypassing a protection, do not capture beyond it. Keep a note that the resulting screenshot shows an interstitial or challenge rather than the underlying page.
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Install the requests package with python -m pip install requests, then make this one-call capture, replacing the URL with the verified page:
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import requests
r = requests.get(
"https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot",
params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://example.gov.in/"},
timeout=90,
)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options and response details. The free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 screenshots. Sign up for 1,000 free screenshots a month, with no card required.
Quick Recap
Troubleshoot common capture problems
- The image shows a redirect or an unexpected page: compare the final URL printed by the script with the intended host and route. Do not label a redirected destination as the original page.
- The page is blank or incomplete: check whether navigation timed out, a page-specific element has appeared, or content loads after the initial document. Use a suitable readiness condition and inspect the visible result before relying on it.
- Images or lower-page content are missing: confirm that the content is actually rendered in the browser and whether it is lazy-loaded. A full-page option captures the scrollable page, but it does not establish that delayed content has loaded.
- The page presents a CAPTCHA or access challenge: stop automation and request human review; do not attempt a workaround.
- The screenshot looks different on another device: record the viewport and browser context and capture the other relevant sizes separately. One capture cannot establish cross-browser or responsive behavior.
- You are unsure whether you may republish it: consult the particular site’s current terms and the rights holder for third-party material; cite the source page and capture date where appropriate.
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