Use PhantomJS 1.9 to render the finished Leaflet page, then call page.render('map.png'). A direct page capture preserves Leaflet’s rendered SVG paths (and Canvas layers) because PhantomJS uses a WebKit layout and rendering engine. Set the viewport first, wait until tiles and vectors are ready, and use clipRect only when you need a crop. If your export library rasterizes through Canvas instead, switch the relevant Leaflet layers to Canvas and satisfy image CORS requirements.
The reliable decision: direct page capture or Canvas export?
There are two different capture pipelines, and confusing them is the usual reason vector paths disappear.
| Pipeline | SVG paths | HTML controls and markers | Main constraints | Best use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PhantomJS page.render() |
Included as rendered SVG | Included when visible in the page | Map must finish loading before render; viewport and crop determine output | A faithful screenshot of the complete Leaflet page |
leaflet-image or another Canvas exporter |
Only after the layers are rendered to Canvas | HTML-only features such as L.divIcon, zoom controls and legends are not rasterized |
Tile and marker images must be CORS-compatible | A map-only bitmap assembled from Canvas content |
Leaflet 1.9.4 uses SVG as the default renderer for path layers. Setting preferCanvas: true changes the map’s default renderer, while renderer: L.canvas() opts an individual path into Canvas. That setting is necessary for a Canvas exporter, not for a direct PhantomJS screenshot: PhantomJS can capture SVG as part of the page.
Prepare the Leaflet page before PhantomJS opens it
Give the map a real size
The map container must have a non-zero width and height before Leaflet initializes. A zero-height container produces an apparently blank capture even though the JavaScript ran.
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<style>
html, body { margin: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }
#map { width: 1280px; height: 800px; }
</style>
<div id="map"></div>Keep SVG for a direct screenshot
var map = L.map('map').setView([51.505, -0.09], 13);
var tiles = L.tileLayer('https://your-tile-host/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', {
attribution: 'Map data provider attribution'
}).addTo(map);
var line = L.polyline([
[51.505, -0.09],
[51.51, -0.10],
[51.515, -0.085]
], { color: '#1769aa', weight: 4 }).addTo(map);
var area = L.polygon([
[51.50, -0.08],
[51.51, -0.06],
[51.52, -0.08]
], { color: '#b22', fillOpacity: 0.25 }).addTo(map);Those paths use Leaflet’s SVG renderer by default. A direct page render captures their SVG elements together with the basemap and any visible HTML UI.
Use Canvas only when the exporter requires it
var map = L.map('map', { preferCanvas: true }).setView([51.505, -0.09], 13);
var line = L.polyline(coords, { renderer: L.canvas() }).addTo(map);Use the map-wide option when most paths go through a Canvas exporter, or set renderer: L.canvas() on each layer that must be exported. Leaflet describes vector layers as geographic coordinates transformed into pixels and drawn by either SVG or Canvas; changing the renderer changes where those pixels are produced.
Distinguish ordinary paths from SVGOverlay
An ordinary polyline, polygon or circle is a vector path managed by Leaflet. SVGOverlay is a separate layer type: it binds an SVG element to geographic bounds. Both can appear in a direct page screenshot, but code that searches only for ordinary path layers will not automatically handle an SVG overlay. Test the overlay in the actual page you intend to capture.
Keep provider attribution and access rules intact
Tile selection is independent of the PNG call. Retain the tile provider’s required attribution in the page and follow its usage policy. OpenStreetMap tiles, for example, require attribution. A screenshot does not remove that obligation.
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A fixed sleep can work as a demonstration, but it is a race: a busy tile server or a slow vector request may still be drawing when the timer expires. Have the page set a readiness flag after your own data, overlays and tiles have settled, then poll that flag from PhantomJS.
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// map.html, after your application has added paths and overlays
var pendingData = fetch('/routes.json')
.then(function (r) { return r.json(); })
.then(function (routes) {
routes.forEach(function (route) {
L.polyline(route.coordinates, { color: route.color }).addTo(map);
});
});
var tileReady = new Promise(function (resolve) {
tiles.once('load', resolve);
});
Promise.all([pendingData, tileReady]).then(function () {
// Set this only after every layer that should appear in the image is added.
window.mapReady = true;
});If your app loads tiles from several layers or receives overlays through callbacks, include all of those completion events in the readiness condition. For a static page, setting window.mapReady = true immediately after the final layer is added is sufficient.
Capture the page as PNG with PhantomJS 1.9
This complete script opens the page, checks the load status, waits for window.mapReady, and renders a PNG. The polling timeout prevents a broken page from hanging the process forever.
var page = require('webpage').create();
var system = require('system');
page.viewportSize = { width: 1280, height: 800 };
// Optional crop inside the viewport:
// page.clipRect = { top: 0, left: 0, width: 1280, height: 800 };
var url = system.args[1] || 'http://localhost/map.html';
var deadline = Date.now() + 30000;
page.open(url, function (status) {
if (status !== 'success') {
console.log('page failed to load');
phantom.exit(1);
return;
}
function checkReady() {
var ready = page.evaluate(function () {
return window.mapReady === true;
});
if (ready) {
page.render('map.png', 'PNG');
phantom.exit(0);
return;
}
if (Date.now() > deadline) {
console.log('map did not become ready before the timeout');
phantom.exit(2);
return;
}
window.setTimeout(checkReady, 100);
}
checkReady();
});Run it with a local page URL:
phantomjs capture.js http://localhost/map.htmlpage.viewportSize controls the browser’s layout size and therefore the natural screenshot dimensions. Set page.clipRect when you need a specific rectangle rather than the complete viewport. PhantomJS documentation lists PNG as a supported output and documents both properties for capture sizing.
When a short delay is unavoidable
The minimal pattern often shown in examples is a one-second timeout after page.open. Treat that as sequencing syntax, not a guarantee that tiles or vectors are ready. A page-owned readiness signal is safer because it follows the actual asynchronous work.
If you use leaflet-image, make the renderer and assets compatible
leaflet-image exports through Canvas. A map whose paths remain SVG can therefore produce a bitmap with the basemap but no vector geometries. Initialize the map with Canvas or pass a Canvas renderer to every path that matters:
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var map = L.map('map', { preferCanvas: true }).setView([51.505, -0.09], 13);
var route = L.polyline(coords, {
renderer: L.canvas(),
color: '#1769aa'
}).addTo(map);
// After tile and layer loading has completed:
leafletImage(map, function (error, canvas) {
if (error) {
console.error(error);
return;
}
canvas.toBlob(function (blob) {
// Save blob as PNG in your application.
}, 'image/png');
});Canvas exporter requirements
- Tile images and marker images must permit the cross-origin access required by the exporter. A CORS failure can taint the Canvas and prevent export.
- HTML-based features are outside the Canvas rasterization:
L.divIconmarkers, zoom controls, legends and other DOM elements will not appear. - Confirm every vector layer is actually added before calling the exporter; renderer settings do not export a layer that was never created.
If you need controls, legends or HTML markers in the final image, direct PhantomJS page capture is the more faithful path. If the page contains very heavy vector data, test Canvas rendering; Leaflet’s FAQ notes that switching from SVG to Canvas may help considerably, depending on the application and data.
Troubleshoot missing or incorrect PNG content
Paths are missing, but the basemap is visible
- For a direct PhantomJS render, inspect the page first and confirm the paths were added before
mapReadybecomes true. - For
leaflet-image, setpreferCanvas: trueor assignrenderer: L.canvas()to each required path. - Check that your selector or data callback did not create the layer after the exporter ran.
The image is blank or the basemap is incomplete
- Verify tile URLs in the PhantomJS page and open the same URL in a browser.
- Wait for the tile layer’s load event (and any additional tile layers) before rendering.
- For Canvas export, fix CORS headers or use tile and marker sources that explicitly support cross-origin use.
- Confirm the map container has explicit dimensions before Leaflet initializes.
Controls, legends or HTML markers are absent
That is expected with a Canvas exporter. Use direct PhantomJS page capture if those DOM elements belong in the PNG, or recreate them as Canvas/SVG content before export.
The output dimensions are wrong
Set page.viewportSize before page.open. Use clipRect for a deliberate crop. Remember that changing the viewport can trigger responsive CSS and alter the map layout.
The script exits before drawing finishes
Replace a guessed delay with the application readiness flag. Include asynchronous route loads, tile layers, image overlays and any animation you want captured. If an animation should not appear, disable it and set the flag only after the final static frame is rendered.
Heavy geometry renders slowly
Try Canvas for the path layers and compare the result with SVG. Canvas can improve handling of heavy vector data, but it also introduces CORS and HTML-element limitations. There is no universal performance figure; measure the specific map and data set.
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Reliability, sizing and operational notes
- Deterministic output: fix the viewport, zoom, center, device-dependent CSS and readiness condition. Avoid capturing while a map is panning or zooming.
- Network failures: treat a missing tile or data response as an application error and report it before calling
page.render; otherwise you may save a valid-looking but incomplete PNG. - Security: do not embed credentials in a public map page. If a tile or API service requires authentication, configure the page through your server-side capture environment.
- Attribution: keep required provider credit visible in the captured page, especially when the PNG will be redistributed.
- Cost: PhantomJS itself does not define tile-provider charges. Your tile, geocoding and data-service terms remain separate from the screenshot step.
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FAQ
Can PhantomJS capture an inline SVG overlay as well as Leaflet paths?
Yes, when the overlay is rendered in the page and lies inside the captured viewport. An SVGOverlay is still a different Leaflet API, so make sure its bounds and insertion callback have completed before your readiness flag is set.
Should I convert every map to Canvas?
No. Convert when the export pipeline is Canvas-based or when testing shows heavy geometry benefits. For a direct PhantomJS screenshot, retaining SVG avoids the Canvas exporter’s CORS and HTML-element restrictions.
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Why does a successful HTTP load still produce an incomplete map?
page.open reports the document load, not the completion of later tile, data and overlay requests. Gate rendering on an application-level ready signal that includes those asynchronous operations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can PhantomJS capture an inline SVG overlay as well as Leaflet paths?
Yes, when the overlay is rendered in the page and lies inside the captured viewport. An SVGOverlay is a different Leaflet API, so include its completion in your readiness signal.
Should I convert every map to Canvas?
No. Convert when the export pipeline is Canvas-based or testing shows heavy geometry benefits. Direct PhantomJS capture can retain SVG without Canvas exporter restrictions.
Why does a successful HTTP load still produce an incomplete map?
page.open reports document load, not completion of later tile, data and overlay requests. Render only after your application-level ready signal is true.
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