For a loan secured by one collateral asset under a simple liquidation-LTV rule, estimate the liquidation price with liquidation price = outstanding debt ÷ (collateral units × liquidation LTV). Enter the LTV as a decimal, so 85% becomes 0.85. Use the live debt balance, including any interest the lender counts. This is an estimate: the actual trigger may use an oracle or index price, collateral haircuts, maintenance margin, fees, or a portfolio health metric instead of this exact equation.
The calculation in one line
Let:
- D = the debt balance used by the lender, in the loan currency
- Q = collateral quantity, in tokens or coins
- L = the applicable liquidation loan-to-value (LTV) threshold, written as a decimal
- Pliq = the collateral price at which the threshold is reached
The one-asset model is:
Pliq = D ÷ (Q × L)
For example, if the counted debt is 1,010 USDT, the position contains 2 ETH, and the liquidation LTV is 85% (0.85), the estimate is 1,010 ÷ (2 × 0.85) = 594.117647 USDT per ETH.
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This equation works only when the lender applies one liquidation LTV directly to one collateral asset. It does not automatically account for a different oracle price, shared collateral, several assets, multiple debts, discounts, maintenance margin, or liquidation fees.
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| Input | What to record | Why it changes the result |
|---|---|---|
| Outstanding debt | Principal plus every interest or overdue-interest amount included by the lender | A larger balance raises the estimated liquidation price. |
| Collateral quantity | The units actually assigned to this loan or position | More collateral lowers the price at which the same debt reaches the threshold. |
| Liquidation LTV or LLTV | The threshold that permits liquidation, expressed as a decimal | A higher threshold produces a lower calculated price; a lower threshold produces a higher one. |
| Valuation price | The lender’s index, oracle, mark, or other liquidation valuation | The trigger may not use the spot price shown on an exchange. |
| Adjustments | Collateral haircuts, maintenance margin, liquidation fees, repayment fees, or discounts | These can move the real trigger away from the simple LTV result. |
Do not use the original principal if interest has accrued. Coinbase’s USDC loan-health guidance defines LTV using the total outstanding amount, including accrued unpaid interest. Bybit’s loan example separately identifies principal, interest, and overdue interest as debt components.
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Step-by-step calculation for a single-collateral loan
1. Read the live debt balance
Open the loan or position details and copy the current amount the lender says is outstanding. Include accrued interest and overdue interest when the terms include them. If interest accrues continuously, a value copied several minutes ago can already be stale for a volatile position.
2. Confirm which collateral belongs to the position
Use the quantity allocated to this loan, not the total balance in your wallet. Some products allow collateral to be shared across orders or positions. In that case, a token sale, transfer, or another position can change the amount supporting this calculation.
3. Find the liquidation threshold, not the opening LTV
The initial borrowing LTV tells you how much you were allowed to borrow. A margin-call level, where provided, is an earlier warning. The liquidation LTV or LLTV is the threshold at which the lender or protocol can liquidate. They are not interchangeable.
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4. Convert the percentage to a decimal
Divide the displayed percentage by 100: 80% becomes 0.80, 85% becomes 0.85, and 92.5% becomes 0.925. Entering 85 instead of 0.85 makes the result 100 times too low.
5. Apply the equation
Multiply collateral quantity by the liquidation LTV, then divide the counted debt by that product. Keep the price unit consistent with the debt. If the debt is in USDT, the result is USDT per collateral unit; if the debt is in USDC, the result is USDC per unit.
6. Compare the estimate with the platform’s own metric
If the product displays a liquidation price, health factor, or risk ratio, treat that live figure as the operational reference. A hand calculation is a reasonableness check, not a guarantee that liquidation will wait for the exact displayed spot price.
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Worked example: the arithmetic behind Bybit’s illustration
Bybit’s official example uses:
- 1,000 USDT principal
- 10 USDT interest
- No overdue interest
- 2 ETH collateral
- An 85% liquidation LTV
The counted debt is 1,000 + 10 = 1,010 USDT. Substituting the values gives:
(1,000 + 10) ÷ (2 × 0.85) = 594.117647 USDT per ETH
Rounded to two decimal places, that is approximately 594.12 USDT per ETH. The example demonstrates the arithmetic; it is not a universal liquidation threshold for ETH loans. Bybit states that its displayed price is for reference and that market fluctuations can affect the actual liquidation price.
How debt and collateral changes move the estimate
The equation makes the direction of risk clear. With quantity and threshold fixed, every increase in debt raises the estimated liquidation price. With debt and threshold fixed, adding collateral lowers it. Interest can therefore move a position closer to liquidation even when the collateral’s market price is unchanged.
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| Illustrative case | Debt (USDT) | Collateral | Liquidation LTV | Estimated price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base case | 1,010 | 2 ETH | 85% | 594.12 USDT/ETH |
| Interest adds 20 USDT | 1,030 | 2 ETH | 85% | 605.88 USDT/ETH |
| One additional ETH deposited | 1,010 | 3 ETH | 85% | 396.08 USDT/ETH |
| Threshold is 80% | 1,010 | 2 ETH | 80% | 631.25 USDT/ETH |
These rows are mathematical illustrations, not quoted terms for a particular lender. They show why a lower threshold gives the position more price room, while a larger debt balance removes it.
Why the simple formula is not universal
Different platforms count different debt items
One lender may include principal and accrued interest; another may also include overdue interest, repayment charges, or other amounts. The numerator must match the lender’s definition of outstanding debt at the moment it evaluates the position.
The liquidation valuation may not be the visible spot price
A platform can use an index, oracle, mark, or another reference price. Bybit distinguishes its liquidation valuation from other LTV calculations. During a fast move, that reference can differ from a single exchange’s last-traded price, so a chart alert is not a reliable substitute for the platform’s risk price.
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Collateral can be discounted
Some rules apply a haircut or adjusted collateral value before comparing it with debt. OKX Europe’s announcement dated December 19, 2025 describes a revised approach involving adjusted collateral value, maintenance margin, and liquidation fees. A calculation that multiplies raw token quantity by spot price will miss those adjustments.
Fees can be part of the trigger
Liquidation fees, maintenance requirements, or repayment fees can increase the value that must be covered. If the terms say a fee is added to the liabilities or deducted from collateral, include it in the platform-specific calculation rather than silently folding it into the basic LTV equation.
Portfolio positions: use health factor instead of one-token LTV
With several collateral assets or loan currencies, there may be no single liquidation price until you specify which asset moves and what all other prices do. Aave documents this with a health factor:
Health Factor = (Total Collateral Value × Weighted Average Liquidation Threshold) ÷ Total Borrow Value
A health factor below 1 makes a position eligible for liquidation under the documented rule. The calculation evaluates the whole portfolio rather than assigning one independent price to each token.
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Pj,liq = [B − Σ(Qi × Pi × LTi)] ÷ (Qj × LTj)
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Here, B is total borrow value, Qi and Pi are the quantity and price of each collateral asset, and LTi is that asset’s liquidation threshold. This rearrangement is useful for scenario analysis only. If another collateral price, debt value, threshold, or fee changes at the same time, the result changes too.
Platform models at a glance
| Model or documentation example | Primary risk metric | Debt or value features identified | What a reader should verify |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bybit crypto-loan example | Single-asset liquidation price derived from an LTV threshold | Principal, interest, and overdue interest can appear in the debt; liquidation valuation may differ from other LTV prices. | Current product threshold, reference-price source, fees, and whether collateral is shared. |
| Coinbase USDC loan health | Morpho-market LLTV | Total outstanding amount includes accrued unpaid interest; each market has a predetermined LLTV. | The exact market’s LLTV, current balance, collateral valuation, and any market-specific rules. |
| Aave documentation | Portfolio health factor | Total collateral value, weighted average liquidation threshold, and total borrow value. | Asset-specific parameters, oracle prices, debts, and whether the position’s health factor is below 1. |
| OKX Europe announcement (December 19, 2025) | Adjusted collateral and maintenance/liquidation calculations | Adjusted collateral value, maintenance margin, and liquidation fees are part of the described approach. | The live regional product terms and the exact fee and haircut treatment. |
These examples demonstrate why a formula from one lender should not be copied into another lender’s calculator. The relevant comparison points are the debt items included, threshold type, valuation source, collateral haircuts, fee treatment, and whether risk is expressed as a price or a portfolio metric.
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Make a reusable calculator or spreadsheet
Basic spreadsheet
Put the following values in separate cells:
B2: principalB3: accrued interestB4: overdue interest or other counted debtB5: collateral quantityB6: liquidation LTV as a decimal
In B8, calculate the debt with =SUM(B2:B4). In B9, calculate the estimate with =B8/(B5*B6). If a platform gives the threshold as a percentage in a cell, convert it first with =percentage_cell/100.
Add a timestamp beside the inputs and update the debt, quantity, and threshold whenever the loan changes. A spreadsheet that retains yesterday’s interest balance can look precise while being operationally stale.
Simple calculator logic
debt = principal + accrued_interest + overdue_interest + counted_fees
threshold = liquidation_ltv_percent / 100
liquidation_price = debt / (collateral_units * threshold)Only add fees in the first line when the lender’s rules say those fees are part of the liquidation liability. Otherwise, keep them as a separate scenario and compare the result with the platform’s own figure.
Margin calls, liquidation eligibility, and timing
A margin-call threshold and a liquidation threshold serve different purposes. A margin call is generally an earlier warning or required action; liquidation eligibility is the point at which the lender or protocol can close collateral to recover the debt. The names, levels, and procedures vary by product, so read the position’s terms instead of assuming a fixed gap between them.
Reaching a calculated price is also not a promise that a position will be closed at that exact trade. Fast markets can cross a threshold between price updates. Oracle timing, index construction, partial liquidation, fees, and available liquidity can all affect the realized outcome.
Risk controls that follow from the calculation
Recalculate after every balance change
Update the estimate when interest accrues, you draw more funds, repay part of the loan, deposit collateral, withdraw collateral, or the lender changes a threshold. Repaying debt reduces the numerator; adding collateral increases the denominator.
Use a buffer instead of targeting the threshold
The liquidation price is a boundary, not a safe operating target. Set alerts above it to allow for price gaps, oracle differences, network delays, and transaction execution time. The appropriate buffer depends on the asset’s volatility and the platform’s mechanics; the documented formula does not supply a universal percentage.
Check the live health metric for complex positions
For several collateral assets, shared collateral, or multiple loan currencies, monitor the lender’s position-level health factor or risk ratio. A single token-price estimate can be misleading when another asset supplies a large part of the collateral value.
Verify the rules before adding or removing collateral
Adding collateral usually lowers LTV, while repayment lowers debt. Removing collateral or borrowing more has the opposite effect. Confirm that the action applies to the same position and that pending transactions have settled before relying on the new estimate.
Common calculation mistakes and fixes
- Using 85 instead of 0.85: Convert the percentage to a decimal before multiplying.
- Using original principal only: Add every interest amount the lender counts.
- Using wallet balance: Replace it with the quantity actually allocated to the loan.
- Substituting initial LTV: Find the liquidation LTV or LLTV for the exact market.
- Reading a spot chart as the trigger: Check the oracle, index, mark, or other valuation source.
- Ignoring haircuts and fees: Read the product’s adjusted-collateral and fee rules.
- Applying a single-asset equation to a portfolio: Use the health factor or protocol calculator when assets or debts are multiple.
- Treating a displayed price as guaranteed: Allow for rapid moves and execution conditions.
What to verify in the lender’s documentation
Before relying on a number, confirm five items in the current loan terms or position screen:
- The exact definition of outstanding debt, including interest and fees.
- The liquidation LTV, LLTV, or health-factor rule for this collateral and loan market.
- The price source and update behavior used for liquidation.
- Any collateral discount, maintenance margin, liquidation fee, or partial-liquidation rule.
- Whether collateral is isolated to this position or shared with other orders and loans.
Official terms can change by product, region, and market. The figures and mechanics described here should be rechecked against the live documentation before you borrow, repay, or move collateral.
Bottom-line interpretation
For one collateral asset and a direct LTV threshold, divide the current counted debt by collateral units multiplied by the liquidation LTV expressed as a decimal. Then treat that result as an estimate. The lender’s own valuation source, interest balance, threshold, discounts, fees, and portfolio rules determine whether the real liquidation event occurs near that price or under a different health metric.
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