The Tool Desk
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What you are measuring
AI systems have at least two data paths that can limit performance:
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- Storage path: data moves from a storage system through clients and the access layer into host memory and, eventually, the accelerator’s input pipeline. Training reads, checkpoint writes, vector indexing and queries, and KV-cache operations stress this path differently.
- Communication path: GPUs exchange gradients, parameters, activations, or other tensors within a node and across nodes. Collective operations can be limited by links, switches, host placement, software transport, GPU affinity, or synchronization effects.
Do not collapse these into one “AI infrastructure speed” number. A storage benchmark can show whether clients supply a modeled training job, but it does not measure GPU arithmetic. A network microbenchmark can show line-rate bandwidth or point-to-point latency, but it does not predict every distributed-training step. The useful question is always: Can this configured system sustain this workload at this scale?
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Start with a precise benchmark question
Write the question before choosing a tool. The same hardware may be excellent for sequential training reads and poor for many small vector-database operations, or achieve high single-link bandwidth while delivering disappointing multi-node all-reduce performance.
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Choose the decision you need to make
- Sizing: determine how many clients, nodes, GPUs, or storage targets are needed to keep a planned job supplied.
- Comparing systems: compare two configurations under identical workload, scale, software, and measurement rules.
- Validating a fabric: check whether links and RDMA behavior meet the design before running a full application.
- Diagnosing a slowdown: locate whether the symptom is storage throughput, host-memory pressure, link bandwidth, latency, topology, or collective software.
Describe the workload shape
| Workload or path | What to reproduce | Useful first measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Training input | Framework data loading, sample size, sharding, parallel readers, and accelerator count | MLPerf Storage training workload, followed by application validation |
| Checkpointing | Concurrent writes, checkpoint size, durability behavior, and restart frequency | MLPerf Storage checkpointing workload |
| Vector database | Index-build reads and writes, query concurrency, and vector size | MLPerf Storage vector-database workload |
| KV cache | Read/write mix, object size, concurrency, and eviction behavior | MLPerf Storage KV-cache workload |
| Distributed training communication | Tensor sizes, collective sequence, GPU count, and node topology | NCCL collective tests matching the application’s operations |
| Fabric health | One link, two endpoints, selected link rate, and transport | ib_write_bw and ib_write_lat |
Use the same workload family, benchmark round or version, scale, and rules when comparing results. A training result is not interchangeable with a checkpointing result, and an all-reduce score is not interchangeable with an all-gather score.
Prepare a reproducible test record
Capture the system description before changing settings. This prevents an apparently faster run from being a hidden topology or software change.
Hardware and topology
- List every participating node and GPU, including GPUs that are idle.
- Record GPU-to-CPU, GPU-to-NIC, PCIe, NVLink or other intra-node paths, switch connections, and storage-client placement.
- Record storage targets, usable capacity, media type, protocol, and the number of clients or mount points involved.
- Record link layer and negotiated rate for each network path.
Software and configuration
- Operating-system and kernel versions, GPU driver, CUDA and NCCL versions, storage client or filesystem version, and benchmark version.
- Access layer, such as POSIX or S3 where the selected MLPerf Storage version supports it.
- CPU, GPU, memory, NIC, and UCX affinity settings.
- Transport choices, process placement, thread or worker counts, queue settings, and any cache or prefetch configuration.
Run procedure
- Define warm-up behavior and exactly which samples or intervals count toward the result.
- Record message-size range, operation, concurrency, client count, node count, and GPU count.
- Run enough repetitions to expose variability. Report every measured run and the aggregation method rather than only the best run.
- Note failures, retries, throttling, thermal events, and any run that was discarded, with a reason.
Benchmark storage with a workload-level test
MLPerf Storage is designed to exercise storage behavior for AI-oriented workloads. Its workload families include training, checkpointing, vector databases, and KV caches. Select the family that matches the path you are sizing or troubleshooting, and use the configuration and rules for the specific benchmark version.
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What the training test actually measures
In the MLPerf Storage training scenario, simulated accelerators request data through a real framework. The test exercises data loading and the transfer from storage to client DRAM while accelerator computation is emulated. The result therefore answers whether the configured storage path can supply the modeled job; it is not a measurement of GPU arithmetic and is not a complete end-to-end training-time prediction.
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Prevent a client-memory cache from becoming the “storage” result
A dataset that fits comfortably in aggregate client memory can make a test appear fast after the first pass. MLPerf Storage rules use dataset sizing relative to aggregate client DRAM and minimum work per accelerator as controls against this confound. Check the current rules and the exact workload configuration before running because criteria differ by workload and version.
- Determine aggregate client DRAM and the amount of data each client will access.
- Use the benchmark’s dataset-sizing guidance so the test cannot be satisfied by a warm client cache alone.
- Confirm whether the run starts from a cold cache, how caches are handled between repetitions, and whether the access layer performs its own caching.
- Verify that the reported metric is the workload metric defined for that version, not a raw local-memory copy rate.
Run and document the storage test
- Choose the workload family and benchmark version, then obtain its current configuration and submission rules.
- Set the intended client count, storage configuration, framework, data-loader settings, and accelerator model or modeled accelerator count.
- Keep dataset size, concurrency, and software constant while comparing systems.
- Run the required warm-up and measured work, recording duration or amount of work and all repetitions.
- Save the full system description, workload configuration, access layer, and reported metric with the result.
Published MLPerf Storage entries are comparable only when the workload, version, configuration, and rules align. Read the complete system description and submission notes; a headline number without those details is not an apples-to-apples comparison.
Understand workload-specific thresholds
For MLPerf Storage v3.0 training examples, the results page specifies a 90% accelerator-utilization threshold for 3D U-Net and an 85% threshold for RetinaNet, with averages of five measured runs. These are criteria for those benchmark workloads and versions, not universal targets for every AI job or storage system.
Benchmark GPU communication with NCCL
Use NCCL tests across the actual node and GPU topology. Select operations that resemble the communication pattern in the application rather than treating one collective as a universal score.
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Match the collective to the job
| Operation | When it is informative |
|---|---|
| All-reduce | Common first test for synchronous data-parallel training, where gradients are combined and distributed. |
| All-gather | Workloads that assemble shards or replicate pieces of a tensor across ranks. |
| Reduce-scatter | Sharded or optimizer designs that reduce values while distributing the reduced partitions. |
| All-to-all | Mixture-of-experts and other patterns with broad rank-to-rank exchange. |
| Broadcast | Cases in which one rank distributes data or parameters to the others. |
NCCL microbenchmarks cover these and other operations and test both performance and correctness. Run the same operation, message-size range, rank count, and process placement when comparing configurations.
Control affinity and transport
NVIDIA’s HPC benchmark wrapper exposes operation selection, test parameters, and GPU, CPU, memory, and UCX affinity controls. Record those settings. A change in GPU-to-NIC placement or CPU affinity can alter the result even when the GPUs, links, and message sizes are unchanged.
- Map each rank to the intended GPU and host CPU resources.
- Select the transport and UCX or other communication settings used by the target application.
- Run a message-size sweep that includes the sizes produced by the application, not only a convenient maximum.
- Repeat at the intended node and GPU scale, preserving rank placement.
- Capture both throughput and correctness status, plus warm-up and measurement intervals.
Isolate fabric problems with RDMA diagnostics
When a collective result is unexpectedly low or unstable, test the underlying fabric independently. NVIDIA’s troubleshooting guidance documents ib_write_bw for inter-node bandwidth and ib_write_lat for point-to-point latency.
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Run ib_write_bw between two nodes using the same link layer, device, port, and rate intended for the workload. Use one endpoint as the server and the other as the client, then record the negotiated rate, message-size range, queue or connection settings, and measured bandwidth.
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Latency test
Run ib_write_lat between the same or representative endpoints to measure point-to-point latency. Record the message sizes, transport, and whether the test is intra-node or inter-node. Latency often matters more for synchronization and many small exchanges than peak bandwidth does.
Check link health and counters
- Verify that the expected link is up and negotiated at its intended rate.
- Inspect RDMA error counters, retransmissions, drops, and physical-port health.
- Confirm that both endpoints use the intended device and port rather than a fallback interface.
- Repeat on representative links if the fabric has multiple paths or switch tiers.
A healthy single-link result does not establish healthy application-level collective performance. Keep the RDMA diagnostics beside the NCCL result so you can distinguish a bad link from topology, affinity, synchronization, or collective-implementation effects.
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Align every comparison axis below. If one axis differs, label the results as different experiments rather than ranking them.
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|---|---|---|
| Workload shape | Training input, checkpointing, vector database, KV cache, or a specific collective? | Each path has different access sizes, concurrency, and synchronization. |
| System scope | Storage-to-client path, single link, or multi-node GPU collective? | A narrower test cannot represent the full path automatically. |
| Scale | How many clients, nodes, GPUs, ranks, and simultaneous operations? | Contention and topology effects emerge at different scales. |
| Metric | Throughput, bandwidth, latency, or ability to keep modeled accelerators supplied? | Peak bandwidth and sustained workload behavior answer different questions. |
| Version and rules | Which benchmark round, software stack, configuration, and submission criteria? | Workload definitions and acceptance criteria can change. |
| Measurement method | Warm-up, run count, interval, aggregation, and discarded-run policy? | Best-run reporting hides variability and can reverse a close comparison. |
Interpret results without overclaiming
Separate peak, sustained, and application-level metrics
- Peak bandwidth is useful for finding a link or device ceiling, but it may not survive contention.
- Latency describes the cost of an exchange and can dominate small-message or synchronization-heavy work.
- Sustained workload throughput shows whether a configured storage path keeps the modeled workload supplied over the measured run.
- Collective performance includes topology, rank placement, protocol, synchronization, and software behavior; it is not just the sum of link rates.
Use bottleneck evidence, not one score
If storage throughput is low while NCCL and RDMA tests are healthy, inspect storage concurrency, access-layer behavior, client CPU and memory pressure, and cache state. If link bandwidth or latency is abnormal, resolve link, port, counter, or topology issues before tuning collective parameters. If link diagnostics are healthy but NCCL remains poor, investigate GPU-to-NIC affinity, rank placement, transport settings, message-size mix, and synchronization behavior.
Best Value
Validate important decisions with the target application
Benchmark results describe the configured system, workload, software stack, and run. They are not universal ratings. After a benchmark identifies a likely bottleneck or validates a design, run a representative slice of the actual training, checkpoint, indexing, or inference pipeline and compare its data-stall or step-time behavior with the benchmark evidence.
What to include in a published or internal report
- Test purpose and workload description.
- Node, GPU, CPU, memory, NIC, storage, switch, and topology diagrams or equivalent descriptions.
- Benchmark name and exact version or round.
- Access layer, dataset size, client count, node count, GPU or rank count, and concurrency.
- Collective operation, message-size range, transport, and affinity settings.
- Warm-up procedure, measured interval or work amount, repetition count, averages, variability, and failed-run handling.
- Storage metric, collective bandwidth or latency, link-level bandwidth and latency, correctness status, and relevant RDMA counters.
- Software versions and retrieval date for any quoted published result.
- Known limitations, including emulated accelerator computation, cache controls, and differences from the production application.
Common mistakes and their fixes
Using a synthetic test unrelated to the job
Symptom: a high score does not improve training or indexing. Fix: select the MLPerf Storage workload or NCCL collective that matches the actual access or communication pattern, then validate with the application.
Comparing unlike benchmark entries
Symptom: one system is declared faster from different workload families, rounds, scales, or rules. Fix: align workload, version, scale, metric, and configuration before ranking results.
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Measuring a warm client cache
Symptom: the first run differs sharply from later runs or storage appears faster than the device can sustain. Fix: apply the benchmark’s dataset-sizing and cache controls, document cache state, and inspect repeated runs.
Confusing line rate with collective performance
Symptom: ib_write_bw is healthy but all-reduce is slow. Fix: retain both results and investigate topology, GPU-to-NIC affinity, rank placement, transport, message sizes, and synchronization.
Reporting only the best run
Symptom: results cannot be reproduced or fluctuate in production. Fix: report repeated measured runs, aggregation, variability, and any discarded runs with reasons.
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