The dependable pattern is a gated SSH deployment: connect the GitHub repository to CircleCI, run a build and test job, then let a separate deployment job connect to your VPS with a protected SSH key. Put the deployment job after the test job with requires, restrict it to your release branch (usually main), and have a repeatable script on the VPS fetch the intended revision, restart the service, and run a health check.
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The example below uses CircleCI configuration 2.1, a Docker executor for testing, an Ubuntu machine executor for SSH, and protected SSH_USER and SSH_HOST variables. Adapt the build commands and remote script to your application runtime.
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GitHub remains the source of code, CircleCI is the automation boundary, and the VPS is the runtime. A push or pull-request event starts a CircleCI pipeline. The pipeline checks out the commit, installs dependencies, runs tests, and produces whatever release input your server needs. Only when that job succeeds does the workflow authorize deployment.
The deployment job then opens an SSH session to the VPS. The private key is supplied by CircleCI’s SSH-key store, while the username and hostname come from protected environment variables. The remote command is a script owned by the VPS deployment account. That script performs the application-specific work: selecting the exact revision, installing production dependencies, applying safe migrations, restarting the process manager, and checking that the service answers successfully.
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This separation matters. GitHub checkout authentication and VPS authentication are different concerns. With CircleCI’s GitHub App integration, the repository can be checked out over HTTPS, so the key used to reach the VPS is not a GitHub checkout key. Treat the deployment key as production infrastructure access.
Before you configure CircleCI
What you need
- A GitHub repository containing the application and a committed
.circleci/config.yml. - A reachable Linux VPS with SSH access and a stable hostname or IP address.
- A dedicated deployment account on the VPS rather than a personal or unrestricted administrator account.
- The runtime, web server, database client, and process supervisor required by the application.
- A deployment command or script on the VPS that can be run repeatedly without corrupting a release.
- An Ed25519 SSH key pair whose public key can be installed for the deployment account.
Decide what a release means
Choose the artifact that CircleCI will deliver before writing YAML. A server can pull a Git revision over SSH or HTTPS, CircleCI can upload a built archive with rsync or scp, or a separate image registry can provide a container image. The simplest first implementation is usually a remote script that checks out a known commit. A built archive avoids compiling on the server and makes the deployed bytes explicit. Containers add a release registry and image lifecycle but can make rollback predictable.
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| Transport | How it works | Strength | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Git fetch | The VPS fetches and checks out the commit selected by the deployment command. | Small CircleCI configuration and easy revision-based rollback. | The server needs repository access and may build dependencies locally. |
| Archive or rsync | CircleCI builds a release and transfers an archive or selected files over SSH. | The server receives exactly what CI tested; no repository credential is needed on the VPS. | Large transfers and release-directory cleanup must be managed. |
| Container image | CI publishes an immutable image; the VPS pulls and restarts that image. | Consistent runtime and a clear image tag for rollback. | Requires image storage, a container runtime, and image retention practices. |
Prepare the VPS safely
Create a least-privileged account
- Create a user dedicated to deployments and give it ownership of the application directory.
- Install the application’s runtime and process manager (for example, the language runtime plus a service supervisor appropriate to your stack).
- Create a release directory, a persistent data directory where required, and a location for logs.
- Install the CircleCI public key in that account’s
~/.ssh/authorized_keys. Set restrictive permissions on the.sshdirectory, the authorized-keys file, and any private server-side credentials. - Grant narrowly scoped privilege for operations that truly require it. If a service restart needs elevated rights, allow only that command through the system’s privilege mechanism rather than giving the deployment user unrestricted administration.
Do not put a private key on the VPS for this connection. CircleCI holds the private half; the VPS needs only the public half and its normal host key.
Install and test the remote deployment command
Place a command such as /usr/local/bin/deploy-my-app on the VPS and make it executable by the deployment account. It should stop at the first error, select a specific revision, install production dependencies, run only migrations that are safe for the current release, restart the service, and verify the health endpoint. Test it interactively over SSH before connecting CircleCI. A deployment that works only when commands are run manually from a particular shell is not automation-ready.
Keep at least one previous release, or an equivalent previous image tag, available. Rollback should select that known-good release and restart the service; it should not require rebuilding an old commit during an incident.
Connect GitHub to CircleCI
- In CircleCI, choose the GitHub project you want to automate.
- Add the project configuration at
.circleci/config.ymlin the repository. - Push the configuration and start the first pipeline from the CircleCI project page.
CircleCI’s GitHub App integration checks out source over HTTPS. That means a VPS deployment key is still required for the SSH hop, but it does not have to be used for ordinary repository checkout. OAuth-based setups can use a read-only GitHub deploy key for checkout and attach other keys to selected jobs with add_ssh_keys.
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Create and protect the deployment key
Generate an Ed25519 pair
Generate the key on a trusted administration machine, not inside the repository:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "[email protected]"Install the resulting public key for the VPS deployment account. Keep the private file offline or in your approved secret-management workflow until it is added to CircleCI.
Add the private key in CircleCI
Open Project Settings → SSH Keys → Additional SSH Keys and add the private key. Restrict the key to the VPS hostname when the interface offers a hostname field. If the project has several additional keys, use the key fingerprint in add_ssh_keys so the deployment job loads the intended one.
Store SSH_USER and SSH_HOST as project or context environment variables. They are not secret in the same way as a private key, but keeping connection details in protected settings lets you change environments without editing source. Never commit a private key, password, or production token to GitHub.
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Verify the server host key
SSH authenticates the server as well as the client. Establish the VPS host key deliberately and keep it in the job’s known-hosts configuration or another controlled mechanism. Do not solve a host-key error by disabling checking with options such as StrictHostKeyChecking=no; that removes protection against connecting to an impostor host.
Use a build job and a gated deploy job
The following configuration shows the essential shape. Replace ./ci/test.sh with your project’s install, lint, unit-test, and packaging commands. The machine executor is used for deployment because it provides a full virtual machine suitable for the SSH client and system tooling.
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version: 2.1
jobs:
build:
docker:
- image: cimg/base:current
steps:
- checkout
- run:
name: Build and test
command: ./ci/test.sh
deploy:
machine:
image: ubuntu-2404:current
steps:
- add_ssh_keys
- run:
name: Deploy over SSH
command: ssh "$SSH_USER@$SSH_HOST" "/usr/local/bin/deploy-my-app"
workflows:
build-and-deploy:
jobs:
- build
- deploy:
requires:
- build
filters:
branches:
only: mainrequires is the safety gate: the deploy job cannot begin until build completes successfully. The branch filter prevents pushes to feature branches from changing production. If your release branch is named differently, change main to that exact name.
When multiple additional keys are configured, select one explicitly:
steps:
- add_ssh_keys:
fingerprints:
- "SHA256:your-key-fingerprint"
- run:
name: Deploy over SSH
command: ssh "$SSH_USER@$SSH_HOST" "/usr/local/bin/deploy-my-app"Use the fingerprint shown by CircleCI for the stored key; do not invent one. If your organization manages keys through a context, attach that context to the deploy job and keep the context restricted to the projects and people that need production access.
Make the remote script repeatable
A successful SSH connection does not prove that the application is healthy. The remote script is the deployment system’s real policy. A robust script typically follows this order:
- Enable strict shell error handling so a failed command returns a nonzero status to CircleCI.
- Resolve the requested commit, archive, or image tag and record it in the release directory.
- Install only production dependencies, using a lockfile where the ecosystem supports one.
- Run database migrations only when they are backward-compatible with the currently running version, or use an explicit migration stage.
- Switch the service to the new release atomically when possible (for example, by changing a symlink).
- Restart or reload the process supervisor and wait for it to report the expected process state.
- Call a local or public health endpoint and fail unless it returns the expected result.
- Retain the prior release and write a deployment record containing the commit, timestamp, and result.
Idempotence means that running the script twice with the same revision converges on the same state. Avoid appending duplicate configuration, creating unbounded release directories, or applying irreversible data changes on every retry. If a migration cannot be repeated, make the script detect that it has already been applied and exit safely.
Add approvals for production
Branch filtering is useful but may not satisfy a production change-control policy. CircleCI workflows can include a manual approval job between testing and deployment. The approval job has no shell steps; it pauses the workflow until an authorized user approves it in the CircleCI interface.
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workflows:
release:
jobs:
- build
- hold:
type: approval
requires:
- build
filters:
branches:
only: main
- deploy:
requires:
- hold
filters:
branches:
only: mainUse approval when a human must confirm a migration window, an infrastructure change, or a business release. For low-risk services, an automatic deploy after tests may be sufficient; make that decision explicit rather than leaving it to a default workflow.
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Remote pull
With a remote-pull design, the VPS script fetches the commit that CircleCI asked it to deploy. Give the server read-only repository credentials and pass a full commit SHA rather than an unqualified branch name. This prevents a second commit from entering the release between the test and deploy stages.
Artifact upload
Build an archive in CircleCI, transfer it over the SSH session, unpack it into a new release directory, and switch the active symlink. This approach keeps compilation and dependency resolution in the controlled CI environment. Exclude source-control metadata, test fixtures, and development secrets from the archive.
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Tag the image with an immutable commit identifier. The VPS should pull that exact tag, stop the old container only after the new image is available, and preserve the prior tag for rollback. A mutable tag such as latest is convenient for a demo but makes incident diagnosis and rollback less reliable.
Observe deployments and plan rollback
Name the workflow and jobs clearly so deployment markers in the CircleCI web application form a useful timeline. Record which commit or artifact reached the VPS and whether the health check passed. CircleCI also provides controls for deploy and rollback pipelines and release validation; monitored signals can be used to trigger an automatic rollback in supported Smart Deployments configurations.
Keep rollback operationally boring. A rollback command should select the previous release, restore compatible configuration, restart the service, and verify health. Database changes need a separate compatibility plan: application rollback is not automatically a safe database rollback.
Security checklist
- Use a dedicated VPS account with only the filesystem and service permissions it needs.
- Keep the private key in CircleCI project or organization secrets; never place it in Git history or job output.
- Restrict the key to the target hostname and rotate project keys periodically.
- Verify and maintain the VPS host key instead of disabling SSH verification.
- Limit production deployment to the intended branch and require successful tests.
- Add a manual approval gate when your release policy requires one.
- Mask tokens and avoid printing environment variables in diagnostic commands.
- Make the deployment script idempotent and add a health check that fails the job on an unhealthy release.
- Retain a previous release and test the rollback command before an incident.
- Separate staging and production keys, hosts, contexts, and environment variables.
Troubleshoot common failures
Permission denied (publickey)
Confirm that the public key is in the correct deployment user’s authorized_keys, that the CircleCI job loaded the matching private key, and that the SSH username is correct. If several keys exist, specify the intended fingerprint with add_ssh_keys. Check file ownership and permissions on the VPS before changing server-wide SSH settings.
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The job does not recognize the VPS host key, or the stored key no longer matches. Verify the server identity out of band, then update the controlled known-hosts entry. Do not bypass verification.
The job deploys from a feature branch
Inspect the workflow filter, not just the job definition. The branch filter belongs under the deploy invocation in the workflow, and the branch name must match the repository’s actual release branch.
Tests pass but the service is down
CI tests run in the build environment, not on the VPS. Inspect the remote script’s dependency installation, environment variables, file permissions, process-manager logs, listening port, and health-check response. Make the script return a failure when the health endpoint fails so CircleCI reports the release as unsuccessful.
A rerun produces a different release
Pin the deployment to a commit SHA, artifact digest, or immutable image tag. Avoid fetching a moving branch name during deployment, and record the selected identifier in the deployment log.
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The server is part of the delivery design, not a separate purchasing decision. Compare the VPS region, CPU and RAM capacity, storage type, bandwidth limits, backup options, IPv4 and IPv6 availability, support, and total recurring cost. No universal monthly price can be stated because those values vary by provider, location, and capacity.
At the pipeline level, compare release transport, process supervision, rollback mechanics, approval gates, health checks, deployment audit trail, and secret handling. A less expensive server can become costly if it lacks backups or makes rollback manual; a more capable server does not compensate for an unprotected deployment key or an untested recovery procedure.
Quick Recap
A first-run verification checklist
- Push a change that intentionally passes the test suite and confirm that the build job completes.
- Confirm that a non-release branch runs build and test but does not run deployment.
- Approve the workflow manually if an approval gate is enabled.
- Verify in the CircleCI job log that the expected SSH key was loaded without printing its contents.
- Confirm that the VPS script selected the tested commit or artifact.
- Check the process supervisor and health endpoint after restart.
- Inspect the deployment marker and recorded release identifier in CircleCI.
- Run the rollback command against the retained previous release in a maintenance window, then verify health again.
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