There is no single moderator who can ban you from every decentralized social network. On Mastodon and other ActivityPub services, the server that hosts your account applies sanctions locally, while each server decides how to treat remote domains. In AT Protocol services such as Bluesky, identity and signed data are separated from the apps, indexes and labelers that determine what people see. A restriction can therefore remove your reach in one service without erasing your portable identity everywhere.
What “decentralized moderation” actually means
Decentralization changes who has authority, not whether moderation exists. A federated network is a collection of independently operated services that exchange posts, follows and reports. Each operator controls its own users, storage and interface, and can refuse to accept or display material from elsewhere.
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That creates several different kinds of action:
- Account action: a service restricts or removes one account.
- Content action: a post, profile field, image or feed is hidden or labeled.
- Interaction action: replies, mentions, follows or direct contact are limited.
- Domain action: a server stops accepting traffic from another server or treats all of its accounts more strictly.
- Personal block: one person hides another account for their own view; this is not a network-wide ban.
The practical question is therefore not simply “Was I banned?” It is “Which service acted, what exactly did it change, and which other services still accept or show my identity and data?”
Who can ban you on Mastodon and ActivityPub?
Mastodon’s documentation states: “Moderation in Mastodon is always applied locally, i.e. as seen from the particular server.” The administrator or moderation team of the server hosting your account can suspend, freeze or limit you. An administrator on a different server cannot directly suspend your account, but that server can block or limit your home server’s domain and can moderate what its own users see.
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ActivityPub itself does not provide a central ban authority. Servers exchange signed activities, yet each receiving server can reject, filter or stop processing them. A remote server may continue to host your profile while another server refuses to display it.
Freeze: login and use stop, data remains
A freeze disables login and account use while leaving the profile and other data intact. Mastodon describes the result as: “You can no longer login to your account or use it in any other way, but your profile and other data remains intact.” The action is reversible. A moderator can unfreeze the account after an appeal or correction, although remote servers may have cached or discarded activities during the freeze.
Limit: visibility is reduced without deleting the account
A limited account is hidden from public views on that instance except to followers. Its posts can still be discovered through search, mentions and following. Limiting is reversible and does not automatically limit the account on other servers. It is a visibility and interaction measure, not a deletion of the account.
Suspend: public removal with a retention window
Suspension removes the account, profile, posts, uploads, followers and other data from public view on the server. Mastodon retains backend data for 30 days, during which an administrator may reinstate the account. After that window, data may be permanently purged. Cross-server follows can remain broken even if the account is restored, because remote servers may have removed relationships or stopped receiving updates.
A suspension on your home server is severe for that account, but it is not automatically a suspension from the whole fediverse. Other servers may already have copies of public posts, may have their own moderation records, or may independently block the account or its domain.
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Domain actions: one server can affect every account from another
A Mastodon administrator can act on a remote domain rather than a single user. Available actions include rejecting media from that domain, limiting all accounts from it, or suspending the domain entirely.
A suspended domain loses existing follow relationships with the affected server. If the domain is later unsuspended, those relationships are not automatically restored. Domain actions are therefore broader than an individual account sanction and can affect many innocent users who share the same host.
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Personal blocks and reports are different from bans
ActivityPub’s Block activity is not a server-to-server ban primitive. In Mastodon, blocking an account hides its profile and posts from the blocking user and prevents mentions to that user. Other people can still see the account unless their server or the account’s server takes a separate action.
Reports use the ActivityPub Flag activity and are sent to the remote moderation team. Filing a report does not itself suspend an account; the receiving moderators decide which local rule, if any, was violated.
What happens when an instance defederates?
“Defederation” is a community term for a server stopping or restricting federation with another server. The exact result depends on the chosen domain action:
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| Action | Typical scope | What users may notice | Can it be reversed? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reject remote media | Images and other uploads from a domain | Text may arrive while remote media is refused or unavailable | Yes, by the server administrator |
| Limit a domain | All accounts from that domain | Remote accounts are hidden from public views except where users already follow them; discovery and interaction are reduced | Yes, but effects may persist in caches and feeds |
| Suspend a domain | All federation with that domain | Posts, follows and updates stop crossing the boundary; existing follow relationships are lost | Yes, but lost follows are not automatically restored |
Defederation is local to the server making the decision. A third server may continue federating normally with both sides. Users can therefore see different versions of the same account depending on where they are logged in.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteHow moderation works in Bluesky and the AT Protocol
AT Protocol uses a different division of responsibility. Portable accounts are identified by decentralized identifiers (DIDs), and signed records are stored in Personal Data Servers. Big Graph Services and relays help index the network; App Views assemble timelines and search; feed generators provide custom feeds; labelers publish moderation labels.
This architecture separates speech from reach. A signed post can exist in the account’s repository, while an app, index or labeler decides whether to index, display, warn about or hide it. Removing an item from one App View does not necessarily delete the underlying record or DID.
Labels can target accounts, profiles or individual records
Bluesky’s moderation system is label-based. A labeler can label:
- an entire account;
- a profile or profile element; or
- a record such as an individual post or feed.
Users configure how each labeler’s labels behave: hide, warn or ignore. Hiding removes labeled material from feeds and listings. Warning keeps an interstitial or notice in front of the content, while ignoring leaves the content available without applying that label’s normal display treatment.
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Labelers can receive reports about account-level or record-level subjects. The Bluesky app includes its own moderation labeler and allows users to subscribe to additional labelers. A label may therefore change visibility in one app while another App View uses a different policy.
Hosting, indexing and app visibility can fail separately
An account can be affected at several layers:
- Personal Data Server: the host stores the repository and may suspend hosting or remove records under its terms.
- Relay or index: a service may stop ingesting or indexing the account’s records.
- App View: an application may omit the account from search, timelines or profiles.
- Labeler: a moderation service may attach labels that participating apps hide or warn about.
- Feed generator: a custom feed may exclude the account even when the account remains visible elsewhere.
Portability is intended to protect users from “sudden bans, server shutdowns, and policy disagreements,” according to the AT Protocol FAQ. It does not guarantee that every app will display the account, index its posts or accept its content. Moving hosts can preserve identity and signed data while leaving reach, followers and moderation status partly dependent on the destination services.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Mastodon versus AT Protocol: the practical differences
| Question | Mastodon and ActivityPub | Bluesky and AT Protocol |
|---|---|---|
| Primary authority | Administrators and moderators of each server; receiving servers control remote domains | Personal Data Server hosts, App Views, relays, feed generators and labelers each control different layers |
| Typical account sanction | Freeze, limit or suspend the account on its home server | Labels or service-level restrictions that reduce visibility; hosting can also be suspended |
| Cross-network scope | No automatic network-wide ban, but other servers can independently block the user or domain | No guarantee of universal display; different apps can apply different labels and indexing rules |
| Domain-wide action | Reject media, limit a domain or suspend a domain | Services can filter accounts or records at hosting, indexing, App View or labeling layers |
| Identity portability | Usually tied to a server account; moving servers requires migration and may not restore every relationship | DIDs and repositories are designed for portability, subject to host and app acceptance |
| Data after removal | Suspended Mastodon data is retained by the server for 30 days before possible permanent purge | Underlying signed records may remain in repositories or caches even when an app hides them; the exact result depends on the service involved |
Can you appeal a Mastodon suspension?
Yes. The Mastodon Help Centre states: “All moderation decisions can be appealed.” Use the route named in the notice: a notification, an in-app appeal form or email. Appeals are reviewed by moderators who did not make the original decision. If accepted, the action can be reversed.
Because moderation is local, the applicable rules, deadline, evidence requirements and contact address depend on the server or service that acted. A domain suspension by another server is not an appeal against your home server account; you would need to contact the administrators of the server that imposed the domain action, if they offer a review route.
What to include in an appeal
- Identify the account, server and notice date.
- Quote the specific post or rule cited, without deleting relevant context.
- Explain the factual mistake or mitigating context briefly and in chronological order.
- State the remedy you want, such as reinstatement, removal of a limit or correction of a label.
- Attach only evidence the service requests, and keep a copy of the submission.
Do not assume that reinstatement will immediately rebuild federation. Other servers may have deleted cached posts, removed follows or retained their own independent blocks.
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Does a Bluesky ban follow you if you move servers?
Not automatically in the same way as a single-server Mastodon suspension, because AT Protocol separates a portable identity and repository from the apps that provide reach. A move can preserve a DID and signed records when the protocol and destination host support the migration.
However, portability is not immunity. A destination Personal Data Server can refuse hosting, an App View can omit the account, a relay can stop indexing it, and labelers can continue to mark the account or its records. Users of another app may also choose a label policy that hides the same material. The result is a portable identity with potentially different visibility from service to service.
How to diagnose what happened to your account
- Read the notice and identify the actor. Is it your home server, a remote server, an App View, a labeler or an individual user?
- Check the scope. Test whether the account is unavailable only to you, to your server, or across several independent services.
- Separate login from visibility. A failed login suggests a host-level freeze or suspension; a missing post in one feed may be a label, index or feed-generator decision.
- Check domain effects. If many accounts from one server disappeared together, a domain action is more likely than individual bans.
- Preserve evidence. Save the notice, relevant URLs, timestamps and a copy of posts you are entitled to retain before requesting review.
- Use the correct appeal channel. Contact the service that made the decision, not a different server that merely displays the result.
What decentralization can and cannot protect
Independent operators reduce the chance that one company can control every copy, interface and identity. They also make governance more visible: rules, moderators and remedies differ by service. The trade-off is fragmentation. A server can protect its community by refusing another domain, while users on that domain lose legitimate connections. A portable protocol can preserve an identity, while individual apps still control discovery and attention.
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For users, the durable distinction is between existence and reach. Existence means an account, DID or signed record is still hosted somewhere. Reach means people can find, follow, reply to or receive it through the particular services they use. A moderation action may affect one, the other or both.
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