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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesMantis shrimp detect red and far-red light with a layered system rather than a single “red receptor.” Long-wavelength rhodopsins absorb incoming photons, while carotenoid filters placed in front of selected photoreceptors reshape the spectrum that reaches each rhodopsin. Different rows in the eye’s midband therefore have different red sensitivities. A 2025 preprint reports 17 color-related opsins, including three that absorb beyond 600 nanometres, and finds photoreversible spectral shifts in several blue and red opsins.
“Reversible” does not mean the animal rapidly swaps a red pigment for a blue one. It refers to molecular changes in opsins whose light absorption can shift in opposite directions, apparently through interactions involving the retinal molecule bound inside the protein. Filter density and spectrum also vary with habitat and illumination, providing a second, ecological form of tuning.
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What it means for a mantis shrimp to see red
Human eyes use three cone classes whose signals are combined by the brain into colour vision. Mantis shrimp use a more compartmentalised arrangement. Their compound eyes contain a central band, called the midband, divided into rows with distinct photoreceptor arrangements. Each row samples a limited part of the spectrum, and neighbouring rows can perform different jobs.
Red detection is therefore regional and specialised. A receptor’s measured spectral sensitivity tells scientists which wavelengths trigger it most effectively; it does not by itself reveal what colour the animal consciously experiences. Optical measurements, behavioural tests and neural processing answer different questions and must be kept separate.
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Long-wavelength rhodopsins absorb the photons
A rhodopsin is the light-sensitive protein in a photoreceptor. It contains a retinal molecule that changes configuration when it absorbs a photon. The protein environment around retinal determines which wavelengths are absorbed most strongly. Long-wavelength rhodopsins are the foundation for orange, red and far-red sensitivity in mantis shrimp.
The 2025 study describes 17 opsins involved in colour sensing and signalling. Two mid-wavelength opsins preferentially absorb blue light, most long-wavelength opsins absorb in the green part of the spectrum, and three long-wavelength opsins absorb beyond 600 nm. Those beyond-600-nm responses extend the documented range into far-red light, although they do not establish human-like far-red colour categories.
Carotenoid filters retune the light before it reaches the protein
Mantis shrimp place carotenoid pigments in front of selected photoreceptors. A filter can absorb part of the incoming spectrum, so the rhodopsin behind it receives a narrower and differently weighted range of wavelengths. Changing the filter’s density or spectral shape effectively moves the receptor’s useful sensitivity toward the local underwater light field.
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This optical arrangement lets homologous rhodopsin classes serve different spectral roles without requiring an entirely different protein in every receptor. In long-wavelength receptors of Haptosquilla trispinosa, filters vary between animals and individually tune the receptors. The Nature study documenting this mechanism is available at nature.com/articles/35079184.
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How the reversible part works
Photoreversible opsin shifts are molecular
The 2025 report found photoreversibility in several blue and red opsins: exposure to light can move their absorption spectrum in one direction, while a different illumination state produces an opposing shift. The authors attribute this behaviour to retinal-binding interactions inside the opsin. In other words, the protein-and-retinal complex can exist in light-dependent states with different spectral preferences.
That mechanism differs from simply adding or removing a pigment cell. The same opsin family can alter the wavelengths it absorbs while remaining part of the photoreceptor’s molecular machinery. Because the study is a preprint, its findings should be treated as new evidence awaiting the scrutiny and possible revision that accompany peer review. The full record is at labs.sciety.org/articles/by?article_doi=10.1101%2F2025.11.25.690411.
Reversible does not mean unlimited or instantaneous colour switching
The documented shifts occur within particular opsins and under particular illumination conditions. They do not imply that every receptor can cover the entire visible spectrum, nor that the whole eye changes state as one unit. Filters, opsin chemistry, receptor location and the animal’s neural circuits all constrain the response.
Filter tuning can also reflect longer-term adaptation to depth and habitat. A change in carotenoid density or spectrum is an optical adjustment to the light reaching a receptor; it should not be conflated with the photoreversible molecular shifts reported for several opsins.
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Where red sensitivity is located in the eye
Midband rows divide spectral tasks
The midband’s rows contain different combinations of receptors and filters. In Hemisquilla californiensis, behavioural experiments connected some rows with orange and red sensitivity. Peripheral regions, by contrast, supported broader monochromatic object detection rather than the same narrow colour discrimination. These results show why a statement such as “the mantis shrimp eye sees red” needs a location attached to it.
The same experiments found no response to infrared stimuli in their assay. That negative result is an important boundary: sensitivity beyond the human red range is not evidence that the animal detects thermal infrared. The behavioural study is reported at sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098105004065.
Filters and rhodopsins work as a row-specific combination
A row’s spectral sensitivity emerges from the combination of its rhodopsin set and its carotenoid filter. Two rows could contain related long-wavelength proteins yet respond differently because one filter is denser, shifted toward another band, or absent. Conversely, similar filters can produce different responses when placed over different opsins.
This is why receptor counts alone are a poor shortcut for describing mantis shrimp colour vision. The meaningful unit is the complete optical and neural pathway: receptor protein, retinal state, filter, row position, downstream circuitry and the behaviour being tested.
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How depth changes the tuning
Deeper water shifts the available light toward blue
Water absorbs longer wavelengths more strongly than shorter ones. As depth increases, the ambient spectrum generally becomes bluer. Comparative work on 12 gonodactyloid species found that peripheral receptors show the expected shift toward shorter peak wavelengths with increasing depth. Specialized polarization rows remained near 500 nm instead of following the same depth trend.
The comparison demonstrates that a mantis shrimp eye is matched to its habitat rather than built to maintain one universal spectral setting. A receptor that is useful in shallow, red-rich light may need different filtering in deeper, bluer water.
Three species show filter changes within homologous pigment classes
In three species examined across depths, homologous visual-pigment classes remained consistent within each species, while filter density and spectral position changed. The altered filters increased sensitivity and retuned long-wavelength receptors for the bluer illumination found deeper down. The PubMed record for this depth-related work is at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11976886/.
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What the evidence actually measures
| Question | Measurement or observation | What it supports | What it does not prove |
|---|---|---|---|
| Which wavelengths can a receptor absorb? | Opsin absorption spectra and retinal chemistry | Long-wavelength and far-red sensitivity in specific receptor classes | A unified colour experience across the eye |
| How is a receptor’s spectrum narrowed? | Carotenoid filters in front of photoreceptors | Optical tuning by filter density and spectral shape | That the underlying rhodopsin itself changed identity |
| Where is orange or red sensitivity expressed? | Midband-row behavioural tests in H. californiensis | Regional, task-linked red and orange responses | Infrared vision; the assay found no infrared response |
| How does habitat matter? | Comparisons across depths and 12 gonodactyloid species | Shorter peripheral peaks with depth and near-500-nm polarization rows | One fixed spectrum for every species or habitat |
| What is reversible? | Light-dependent shifts in several blue and red opsins | Opposite spectral shifts associated with retinal-binding interactions | Instantaneous, whole-eye switching across all receptors |
Why more receptors do not automatically mean more human-like colours
Mantis shrimp are often described as having an unusually large number of photoreceptor types. That fact is real, but receptor diversity is not the same as adding extra human-style colour channels. Human colour perception depends on comparing cone signals in neural circuits. Mantis shrimp have narrow, region-specific sensitivities and separate processing pathways, so the same number of receptor classes could support a different perceptual strategy.
Behavioural and review literature emphasises this distinction: spectral sensitivity is an optical property, while colour experience is an inference about neural processing and behaviour. Eye movements, the task an animal is performing and the way signals are integrated can all change the practical meaning of a receptor response. A receptor that detects a far-red photon may support object recognition, signalling or another task without producing a consciously perceived “new colour” analogous to one in a human colour wheel.
A practical way to interpret claims about mantis shrimp vision
- Identify the eye region. Ask whether the result comes from a particular midband row, a peripheral receptor or the whole compound eye. Regional sensitivity is the rule, not an exception.
- Check the peak wavelength and the bandwidth. A peak beyond 600 nm indicates far-red absorption, but it does not describe how broad the response is or how it overlaps neighbouring receptors.
- Separate opsin from filter. Determine whether a study changed or compared the rhodopsin protein, the carotenoid filter, or both. Filters can retune a conserved pigment class.
- Note the habitat and depth. A spectrum measured in shallow water cannot automatically be applied to a deep-water animal. Ambient light becomes bluer with depth, and filters can adapt accordingly.
- Classify the evidence. Optical measurements establish what wavelengths reach or activate receptors; behavioural tests show what the animal can discriminate in a task; neural studies are needed to connect those responses to perception.
Limits and open questions
The strongest new far-red claim currently comes from a 2025 preprint, not a completed peer-reviewed publication. Its report of 17 opsins and three absorbing beyond 600 nm expands the molecular evidence, but independent confirmation and behavioural demonstrations would strengthen the interpretation.
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The clearest conclusion is narrower and more useful: mantis shrimp detect red light because long-wavelength rhodopsins are optically filtered and regionally arranged, while some opsins can shift their absorption reversibly through retinal-dependent molecular interactions. Depth-dependent filters and specialised neural pathways then tune that capability to the animal’s underwater environment.
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