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India’s submarines support two different strategic missions. Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) provide the sea-based component of nuclear deterrence and a potential second-strike capability. Conventional submarines, including the six Kalvari-class boats completed under Project 75, provide undersea combat capacity. Both forces matter in the Indian Ocean, but they should not be treated as interchangeable or as a stand-alone answer to every maritime-security problem.
India’s submarine strategy in one sentence
India is building an undersea force that combines a survivable nuclear deterrent with conventional submarine capability, while the wider Navy protects maritime interests, monitors a contested Indian Ocean and supports the security of shipping. The strategic logic is clearer than the exact size or readiness of the fleet: public sources confirm key commissioning milestones, but they do not provide a complete, current operational inventory for every Indian submarine class.
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Two submarine missions, not one
SSBNs: the nuclear-deterrence mission
An SSBN is a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. Its defining purpose is to carry nuclear-armed ballistic missiles and remain sufficiently survivable to support a country’s nuclear deterrent. If land-based forces were damaged in a first strike, an SSBN at sea could preserve the possibility of retaliation. That is the logic behind the term “second strike.”
India’s Arihant class belongs to this deterrence role. An analysis by the Indian Council of World Affairs links India’s indigenous SSBNs to the sea-based leg of its nuclear deterrent and to second-strike capability. The Ministry of Defence’s announcement for INS Arighaat also confirms the importance of the class as an indigenous national-security programme. It does not, however, publish patrol schedules, availability rates or deployment patterns.
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Conventional submarines: the undersea-combat mission
Conventional diesel-electric submarines serve a different purpose. They can contribute to sea denial, intelligence gathering, surveillance and other undersea combat tasks, depending on their equipment, training and assigned operation. Their value comes from making an adversary account for a concealed threat in and around important sea areas.
The Kalvari class is India’s most visible recent conventional-submarine programme. The six boats commissioned under Project 75 are based on the Scorpene design. Public commissioning announcements establish the programme’s milestones, but the sources available here do not establish which boat is on patrol, each boat’s readiness level or the exact missions assigned to individual submarines.
Arihant and Kalvari compared
| Axis | Arihant-class SSBNs | Kalvari-class conventional boats |
|---|---|---|
| Primary strategic role | Sea-based nuclear deterrence and second-strike capability, as described by the Indian Council of World Affairs | Conventional undersea capability; public sources in this coverage do not verify specific patrol missions |
| Propulsion and type | Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine | Diesel-electric submarine programme based on the Scorpene design |
| Confirmed public milestone | INS Arighaat commissioned on 29 August 2024 as the second officially announced Arihant-class boat | Six Project 75 boats commissioned from INS Kalvari in December 2017 through INS Vagsheer in January 2025 |
| What public sources do not establish | Full patrol availability, deployment locations or day-to-day readiness | A complete current inventory across all conventional classes, or readiness by boat |
This is a comparison of mission and documented milestones, not a ranking of combat effectiveness. A nuclear-powered SSBN is not simply a larger version of a conventional attack submarine: the two categories exist for different strategic purposes.
Verified fleet milestones
INS Arighaat: the second Arihant-class boat
The Ministry of Defence states that INS Arighaat was commissioned on 29 August 2024. It is the second Arihant-class submarine officially announced as commissioned. The same release describes indigenous systems and equipment “conceptualised, designed, manufactured & integrated by the Indian scientists, industry and Naval personnel.” That statement supports a conclusion about domestic development and integration; it is not a performance claim and does not reveal operational availability.
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For strategic planning, the milestone matters because a sea-based deterrent depends on more than a single hull. Additional commissioned boats can make it easier to sustain training, maintenance and at-sea presence, although public sources do not say how India schedules those activities or how many boats are available at any particular time.
Project 75: six Kalvari-class commissions
Government commissioning information lists six Project 75 submarines. INS Kalvari entered service in December 2017, followed by INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela and INS Vagir, with INS Vagsheer completing the sequence.
The Ministry of Defence dated the Vagsheer commissioning event to 15 January 2025 and identified it as the sixth and final Project 75 Scorpene-class submarine. Associated Press reporting on the same event placed the boat in the context of strategic competition in the Indian Ocean. The official announcement is the appropriate source for the commissioning fact; the broader regional setting explains why the milestone attracts attention.
Why submarines matter in the Indian Ocean
Geography creates both opportunity and vulnerability
The Indian Ocean connects the Indian subcontinent to the western Pacific, the Gulf region, East Africa and Europe. Merchant traffic, energy supplies, naval movements and communications routes pass through a combination of open ocean, chokepoints and approaches to major ports. A submarine can use concealment and the complexity of those waters to complicate an opponent’s planning.
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That does not mean every submarine is constantly patrolling every sea lane. It means that the possibility of an undetected submarine can influence routing, escort requirements, anti-submarine searches and the way a naval force allocates aircraft and surface ships. The strategic effect may therefore come from uncertainty as much as from a publicly observed engagement.
Deterrence at the highest level
An SSBN contributes to a different kind of stability. Its purpose is to convince a potential adversary that a disarming first strike cannot eliminate India’s ability to retaliate. Because that message concerns nuclear escalation, SSBN operations are normally separated conceptually from conventional naval patrols and from routine protection of merchant vessels.
India’s Arihant-class programme therefore fits the Indian Ocean strategy as a national deterrence instrument first. It is not evidence that the Navy intends to use nuclear submarines for ordinary maritime-security tasks.
Conventional sea denial and surveillance
Conventional submarines can support a layered maritime strategy by creating risks for hostile surface forces and by gathering information without the visibility of a surface ship. Their practical contribution depends on sensors, communications, crew proficiency, maintenance and the availability of supporting aircraft and ships. The public material used for this article does not provide enough information to measure those factors for each Kalvari boat or to describe current patrol areas.
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In strategic terms, the Kalvari force gives India another tool between peacetime presence and major wartime action. A submarine can be deployed quietly, held in reserve or used to complicate an adversary’s assumptions without producing the same visible signal as a surface-group movement.
Submarines are one part of a wider maritime-security system
India’s Indian Ocean strategy also relies on surface ships, maritime aircraft, coastal and satellite surveillance, logistics, diplomacy and information sharing. A Government of India release dated 2 February 2024 described naval deployments to assist merchant vessels in the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea and waters off Somalia. The same release discussed the Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR), which at that time was linked with 25 partner nations and more than 40 international and multinational organisations.
Those deployments demonstrate the breadth of maritime security, not a submarine operation. The release does not establish that submarines escorted or defended the merchant vessels mentioned. The lesson for force planning is that undersea capability must be connected to the rest of the Navy’s information and response network. A submarine that cannot be cued, supported or deconflicted with other forces cannot deliver its full strategic value.
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Confirmed categories and milestones
- Two Arihant-class boats have been officially announced as commissioned, with INS Arighaat commissioned on 29 August 2024.
- All six Project 75 Kalvari-class boats have been commissioned, ending with INS Vagsheer on 15 January 2025.
- These figures describe publicly confirmed commissioning milestones, not a count of submarines available for patrol on a particular day.
Why a single “total fleet” number is unreliable here
India also operates or has operated older conventional submarine classes, but the sources used for this article do not provide a consolidated, current operational inventory by class. The Nuclear Threat Initiative profile contains a dated fleet snapshot that predates Arighaat’s commissioning. Treating that snapshot as a 2026 total would mix an earlier date with later events.
“Commissioned,” “in the inventory,” “operational” and “deployed” are not interchangeable terms. A commissioned boat may undergo training or maintenance; an older boat may remain listed while its availability is limited; and a deployment figure can change daily. Without a dated official fleet table, a precise all-class total would imply a level of certainty the public evidence does not support.
Project 75(I) and the next modernization question
Project 75(I) is a follow-on conventional-submarine programme discussed in an MP-IDSA issue brief. Its policy significance lies in the strategic-partnership model, foreign original-equipment-manufacturer participation and the expectation of technology transfer. Those elements point to an effort to sustain and modernize conventional undersea capability beyond the six Project 75 boats.
The brief is not current enough to establish a present contract, selected design, final price or delivery schedule. Readers should therefore distinguish between a programme framework and a confirmed procurement outcome. A current government announcement would be needed before stating that a supplier has been selected or that boats will arrive on a particular timetable.
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How to interpret India’s undersea strategy without overreading it
- Separate deterrence from conventional combat. Arihant SSBNs support nuclear deterrence; Kalvari-class boats provide conventional undersea capability.
- Use commissioning dates as milestones, not readiness scores. A commissioning ceremony confirms entry into service, not a published patrol rate.
- Keep regional missions in context. Protecting merchant shipping also requires surface forces, aircraft, information networks and diplomacy.
- Be cautious with future-programme claims. A dated analysis of Project 75(I) cannot prove a current contract or delivery schedule.
- Demand a date for every fleet count. Submarine inventories change as boats enter service, undergo refits or retire.
The strategic bottom line
India’s submarine fleet fits the Indian Ocean strategy through complementary layers. The Arihant class gives India a sea-based nuclear-deterrence instrument associated with second-strike capability. The completed six-boat Kalvari-class Project 75 force strengthens conventional undersea capacity. Around them, the wider Navy and the IFC-IOR support maritime awareness, crisis response and the protection of shipping.
The direction is therefore visible even where the exact numbers are not. Public evidence confirms Arighaat’s August 2024 commissioning and Vagsheer’s January 2025 completion of Project 75, but it does not justify a complete current count of all operational submarines or claims about individual patrols. Any assessment of India’s future position in the Indian Ocean should preserve that distinction between documented force structure, strategic purpose and information that remains undisclosed.
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