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Freedom251 › Blog › check fraud

How Check Washing Works and How to Spot It

By Freedom251 Team · · 4 min read

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Check washing is check fraud in which someone steals a genuine paper check, removes or alters its ink, and changes the payee name or amount before depositing it. If a check you mailed is cashed but the intended recipient says it never arrived, contact your bank promptly and investigate the check image and mail theft.

What check washing is—and what it is not

A washed check starts as a real check. A criminal may steal it from outgoing mail or after delivery, then use chemicals to remove or alter the writing and fill in a different payee name or dollar amount. The altered check may not draw attention until you review your account activity or see the paid-check image. The U.S. Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) describes this as a growing mail-related fraud risk.

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Not every altered-check case involves washing the original paper. USPIS also warns that criminals may use copiers or scanners to make fake copies of checks. That is related check fraud, but it is not the same physical process as chemically changing an original check.

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USPIS says Postal Inspectors recover more than $1 billion in counterfeit checks and money orders every year (2025). This is a figure for recoveries across counterfeit checks and money orders, not an estimate of losses caused by check washing alone.

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How to spot an altered or missing check

Compare the paid-check image with what you wrote

Review your account activity and, when available, the front and back images of paid checks. Compare the payee and amount with your own records or check register. Look at the endorsement on the back if the bank provides that image. A mismatch is a reason to contact your bank promptly.

Follow up when delivery is uncertain

If the intended recipient says a check never arrived, verify whether it has cleared and ask the recipient to confirm receipt. A check that clears despite not reaching its intended payee may have been stolen, altered, copied, or otherwise used fraudulently; investigate rather than assuming it is merely delayed.

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Watch for gaps in the mail

A missing check is not proof of washing, but it warrants attention—especially if the account later shows a payment you did not authorize. Mail theft can occur before a check reaches its recipient, so the recipient’s report and your transaction history both matter.

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How to reduce the risk when writing or mailing checks

  • Use a secure handoff for outgoing mail. Give mail to a letter carrier or take it to a Post Office collection slot. If you use a blue collection box, USPIS advises depositing mail before the last pickup.
  • Collect incoming mail promptly. Do not leave it in the mailbox overnight. When traveling, arrange a USPS mail hold or ask someone you trust to collect it.
  • Write with harder-to-remove ink. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) recommends black permanent marker or black gel ink; USPIS and the American Bankers Association (ABA) also recommend indelible black ink. This can reduce risk but is not a guarantee against alteration.
  • Complete the check fields. Fill the payee and amount lines fully so there is less blank space to exploit, and avoid writing sensitive personal details on the check.
  • Monitor payments. Use online or mobile banking to review account activity and available check images. Confirm that the payee and amount match your records, inspect the endorsement when shown, and follow up with the recipient if delivery is uncertain.
  • Consider another payment method when it fits. E-checks, ACH transfers, and other electronic or mobile payments avoid mailing a paper check. They have their own risks, so choose a method appropriate to the payment and verify the transaction.
  • Use security envelopes for privacy, not as a guarantee. USPIS and ABA say these can conceal the contents of mail. Their guidance does not establish that an envelope prevents theft or check washing.

What to do if a check is missing, stolen, or altered

  1. Contact your bank or credit union right away. Explain that a check may have been stolen or altered, identify the disputed transaction, and ask the institution to address it. Request copies of the fraudulent check or checks. The CFPB’s guidance on a stolen and cashed check also advises contacting the bank and obtaining copies.
  2. Report mail-related crime. Report it to USPIS through its online reporting page or by calling 1-877-876-2455, and make a report to local police. Keep your account records and any check images available.
  3. Review related account activity. Check recent transactions for other unfamiliar or altered payments and examine paid-check images, including the endorsement when supplied by your bank.
  4. If a signed check was lost before you filled in the payee, ask about stopping payment. CFPB advises asking the bank about a stop payment when a signed check was lost without a payee filled in. Responsibility and recovery depend on the facts and applicable state law. CFPB says state law generally does not make a writer responsible when the intended payee’s signature is forged, but that protection generally does not apply when the writer signed a blank check and someone filled in their own name. This is general guidance, not an individualized legal determination.
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Additional controls for small businesses

Higher transaction volumes and account balances can make altered or counterfeit checks harder to notice. USPIS and the ABA Foundation recommend limiting access to business checks and sensitive information, asking the bank about check-monitoring or fraud-prevention programs, and exploring positive pay. Positive pay can require verification of checks drawn against an account; ask the bank how its service works and what checks it covers.

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Business controls also depend on closing the loop on payments: use secure postal drop-off, collect incoming mail promptly, confirm that checks reached their intended recipients, and flag outstanding items for follow-up.

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