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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteA 2022 study used chemical signals measured in modern and fossil bones to infer that high metabolic rates—consistent with endothermy, or internally generated body heat—were present in the ancestral dinosaur-and-pterosaur lineage and many dinosaur groups. The researchers did not directly measure extinct animals’ metabolism or body temperature: they interpreted molecular proxies, and that interpretation has since been challenged.
What did the fossil-molecule study find?
In a Nature study published on May 25, 2022, Jasmina Wiemann and co-authors examined modern and fossil amniote bones using in-situ Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. These methods detect chemical signals associated with metabolic lipoxidation—the oxidation of lipids during life. The authors used those signals to estimate metabolic patterns and reconstruct how they may have changed across evolutionary lineages. Read the study in Nature.
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The researchers inferred that high metabolic rates consistent with endothermy evolved independently in mammals and plesiosaurs, and were ancestral to ornithodirans, the group that includes dinosaurs and pterosaurs. They reported high rates in pterosaurs, ornithischians, sauropods, and theropods, and an increase along the lineage leading to birds. These are broad evolutionary inferences, not evidence that all dinosaurs shared one uniform physiology. The paper also inferred that ornithischians later shifted toward reduced metabolic abilities more like those associated with ectothermy. Its abstract reports no correlation between atmospheric oxygen concentration and metabolic rates. See the study’s abstract on PubMed.
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How can chemicals in bone provide clues about metabolism?
The method focuses on chemical traces associated with lipoxidation. By measuring these signals in bones from living animals, researchers can relate the signals to known metabolic patterns. They then compare fossil-bone signals with those modern references and use the resulting estimates in an ancestral-state reconstruction—a statistical effort to infer traits of earlier ancestors from the traits and relationships of sampled groups.
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That chain of reasoning matters: spectroscopy detects chemical signals; calibration links those signals to living animals’ metabolism; evolutionary analysis extends the estimates to extinct lineages. It is not a direct readout of an extinct animal’s metabolic rate. Wiemann and co-authors state, “However, there is no proxy that enables the direct reconstruction of metabolic rates from fossils.”
Does “bird-like” mean dinosaurs had the metabolism of modern birds?
No. “Bird-like” refers to the study’s inference of high metabolic performance along the bird lineage and high ancestral rates in ornithodirans. It does not mean every dinosaur had the physiology of a living bird. The study itself describes variation among groups, including a later reduction in metabolic abilities among ornithischians. Nor does “consistent with endothermy” establish that every species maintained a constant body temperature in the same way.
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Why is the conclusion disputed?
In 2023, Ryuji Motani and colleagues published a Nature Matters Arising article questioning the support for the biomarker interpretation and the ancestral-state reconstruction. They wrote: “However, we argue that the inference of endothermy based on ALE biomarkers and ancestral state reconstruction is poorly supported by the current evidence.” Their critique concerns how reliably the proxy and reconstruction support the endothermy inference—not merely a choice between labeling all dinosaurs warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Read the critique in Nature.
Wiemann and co-authors responded in the same issue, defending the ALE proxy and addressing the criticism. The exchange establishes a substantive methodological disagreement; the existence of a reply does not, by itself, settle it. Read the authors’ reply.
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The key points in the debate are how the molecular proxy is calibrated, what assumptions underpin the ancestral reconstruction, how the inference fits with other physiological evidence, and how far it can be generalized across dinosaur subgroups. The sources cited here document the competing positions, not a final resolution.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What do other studies of dinosaur organic remains show?
Organic material in fossils is a separate but related subject. A 2019 study of Cretaceous dinosaur bone argued that purported soft tissues differed chemically and structurally from collagen and discussed recent organic material and microbial communities. A 2025 study of an exceptionally preserved Edmontosaurus sacrum reported multiple lines of analytical evidence supporting endogenous collagenous remnants. Read the 2019 study in eLife; read the 2025 study in Analytical Chemistry.
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These studies address whether particular organic materials in fossils are preserved from the animal or have another origin. They do not directly test or verify the metabolic proxy used in the 2022 study. Evidence about fossil organics and evidence for ancient metabolism answer different questions.
So, were dinosaurs warm-blooded?
The 2022 paper supports the view that high metabolic rates consistent with endothermy characterized the ancestral ornithodiran lineage and many sampled dinosaur groups, while also proposing meaningful differences among lineages. Because those rates are inferred from a molecular proxy and an evolutionary reconstruction—and because the method has been challenged—the result is evidence in an active scientific debate, not a direct measurement or a simple verdict for every dinosaur.
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