El Niño contributed to a shift toward heavier rain and flooding in parts of South America in late 2023, including areas of the Paraná–Paraguay basin. But available official records do not establish that one flood event hit all three cities of the Argentina–Brazil–Paraguay Triple Frontier at the same time.
What the “tri-border region” means
South America’s Triple Frontier is where Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay meet near the Iguazú and Paraná rivers. The neighboring cities are Puerto Iguazú in Argentina, Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay. The phrase “tri-border region” can therefore refer to a cross-border area, not a single city or a single river gauge.
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That distinction matters when describing floods. A regional account of intense rain or high water in the wider basin does not, by itself, show that each of the three cities flooded in the same event. The official sources cited here describe regional and basin-scale conditions; they do not provide a simultaneous three-city flood record, or a Triple Frontier total for deaths, displacement or damage.
How El Niño fit into the 2023 rainfall shift
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describes 2023 as a year of “double impact” in Latin America and the Caribbean: El Niño coincided with long-term climate change. The region’s mid-year transition from La Niña to El Niño altered precipitation patterns. In the Plata basin, northern Argentina and southern Brazil experienced water stress earlier in the year; later, El Niño-linked conditions contributed to intense rainfall and flooding in parts of South America.
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This is a regional attribution, not proof that El Niño alone caused every storm or flood near the border. It describes how the climate pattern contributed to conditions favorable to heavier rain. Other weather systems and local river conditions can also shape a particular flood.
WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo summarized the wider year in Spanish: “Desafortunadamente, 2023 fue un año en el que los peligros climáticos batieron récords en América Latina y el Caribe.” The organization reported 67 meteorological, hydrological and climate-hazard events across Latin America and the Caribbean in 2023; 77% were related to storms and floods.
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When the rains intensified and El Niño peaked
Brazil’s National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) places the onset of heavier rain and flooding in southern Brazil from September 2023. The excess rain also delayed planting, particularly soybean planting. INMET reported that El Niño reached its strongest point in December 2023, with a temperature anomaly of 2.0°C above average.
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What the reported figures do—and do not—measure
| Figure | What it refers to | Source and qualification |
|---|---|---|
| 67 events | Meteorological, hydrological and climate-hazard events reported across Latin America and the Caribbean in 2023 | WMO, 2024 |
| 77% | Share of those reported events related to storms and floods | WMO, 2024; percentage of the 67 regional events |
| 25.7 million tonnes | Climate-associated reduction in Brazil’s 2023 summer-crop output | Conab estimate reported by INMET, 2024; not a flood-loss estimate for the border cities |
| 2.0°C above average | El Niño temperature anomaly at its reported peak in December 2023 | INMET, 2024 |
The crop figure illustrates a major consequence of excess rain, but it should not be mistaken for a measure of flood damage. INMET said wet conditions delayed planting, especially soybeans; Conab attributed the 25.7-million-tonne reduction in summer-crop output to climate influences during planting and crop development.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What the river record can establish
A 2025 study by Argentina’s National Water Institute examined Paraná and Paraguay river levels and flows through 2023, including gauge stations from Puerto Pilcomayo to Corrientes. It explicitly relates the series of extreme events to El Niño and La Niña. This supports the relevance of ENSO—the climate pattern that includes El Niño and La Niña—to river extremes across the basin, but it is not a documented three-city damage assessment.
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To establish whether a particular flood affected all three cities, a report would need local civil-protection records and comparable measurements: gauge height and river discharge, rainfall anomaly and event duration, the affected city or basin, and verified figures for deaths, displacement and infrastructure damage. It would also need to distinguish El Niño’s contribution from other weather systems. The sources available here do not give a specific rainfall total near Iguazú or a tri-border casualty, displacement or damage count.
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