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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFor predictable Docker Compose starts, pin each image to an immutable digest and set pull_policy: never. That combination prevents registry pulls and ensures the service can start only from the image already cached on the host. If you need first-run convenience, use an immutable digest with pull_policy: missing; if you want scheduled freshness, choose an explicit time-based policy and make the resulting image change a reviewed deployment.
The baseline configuration for no-surprise starts
A Compose service can change unexpectedly when its image reference points to a mutable tag, when Compose is allowed to contact a registry, or when development automation reacts to file changes. The strongest reproducibility control addresses all three conditions: immutable image identity, an explicit pull policy, and no production file-watching rules.
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services:
app:
image: registry.example.com/app@sha256:<reviewed-digest>
pull_policy: neverThe digest is the image’s content identifier. Replace the digest only through a reviewed configuration change. With never, Compose does not pull from a registry; the exact image must already exist in the local cache. A missing cached image causes startup to fail rather than silently downloading a different build.
Why a tag alone cannot guarantee the same image
Tags such as latest, stable, or an application version are names that a registry can move to another manifest. Docker’s trust documentation describes tags as mutable: someone with push access can overwrite a tag without changing the text in your Compose file. A digest is immutable, so the reference continues to identify the same image content until you deliberately edit it.
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Use a tag for human readability only when it is accompanied by a controlled resolution process. For a deployment file that must be reproducible, write the digest directly:
image: registry.example.com/payments@sha256:<reviewed-digest>When a new build is approved, update the digest in version control, review what changed, and deploy that commit. Treat the digest edit like a source-code change: it should have an author, a review trail, and a rollback path to the previous digest. Keeping the Compose file and any separate digest or lock record in the same review process prevents the file from claiming one version while an external record silently selects another.
Choose an explicit pull_policy
The Compose Specification defines seven policy forms. The right choice depends on whether registry access is allowed at startup and whether freshness is automatic or scheduled.
| Policy | Startup behavior | When it fits | Important caveat |
|---|---|---|---|
never |
Never contacts a registry; uses only a locally cached image. | Production or offline starts where an operator has staged the exact image. | Fails if the referenced image is not cached. |
missing |
Pulls only when the image is absent locally. | First-run convenience with an immutable digest. | A latest tag is always pulled, even with this policy. |
always |
Checks the registry and pulls the referenced image whenever Compose starts the service. | Operations that intentionally refresh on every start. | Startup depends on registry access and can select a newly moved tag. |
daily |
Allows a refresh when the image is older than one day. | A planned daily freshness window. | It is still automatic; the resulting update is not a manual approval step. |
weekly |
Allows a refresh when the image is older than one week. | A planned weekly refresh cycle. | Use only when that cadence is part of the operating design. |
every_<duration> |
Allows refreshes at the specified duration interval. | A deliberately chosen interval such as a maintenance window. | Document the interval and how a changed image is verified. |
build |
Uses the service’s build configuration rather than relying on a registry pull. | Services whose image is intentionally built from the Compose project. | A build can still produce a new image; this is not an immutability guarantee. |
For a cache-only policy, never is the clearest setting. Choose missing when a host may need to obtain an image on first use, but pair it with a digest rather than latest. Time-based policies trade startup predictability for planned freshness; they are appropriate only when that trade-off is explicit.
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Stage and apply updates deliberately
Do not combine an unreviewed image edit with a command that automatically pulls and recreates services. Use a short, observable sequence instead.
- Edit the version-controlled reference. Change the tag or digest in the Compose file. For reproducible deployments, change the digest to the reviewed release digest.
- Review the configuration change. Confirm the image repository, digest, service name, profiles, and any companion lock record. This is the approval point for the new image.
- Download without starting containers. Run
docker compose pull. This command downloads service images but does not start containers, so you can inspect the result before affecting the running stack. - Inspect the staged result. Check the command output and the local image identity. If the pull fails, leave the running service untouched and correct credentials, connectivity, or the image reference.
- Apply the approved change. Run
docker compose up -dfrom the reviewed commit. Compose then starts or updates services using the configuration you approved.
git diff -- compose.yaml
docker compose pull
docker compose up -dIf your policy is never, perform the pull or image transfer during a staging step before the deployment host starts the service. A host that has not been preloaded will fail by design, which is preferable to an unreviewed network fetch during an outage or maintenance window.
Preview a deployment with dry-run
Compose supports a dry-run mode for previewing operations. The common deployment preview is:
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Keep Compose Watch out of production unless it is intentional
Compose Watch is development automation that observes files and can act on changes. Depending on the rule, a file edit can trigger an image rebuild, service recreation, or a restart. The documented actions are rebuild, restart, sync, and sync+restart.
A production Compose file should not inherit development Watch rules accidentally. Keep Watch configuration in a development-specific Compose file or behind a development profile. In CI and production, enable it only when automatic reactions to source changes are part of the deployment design and have been tested.
When a container is recreated after a file edit, first determine whether a Watch rule performed the action. Disable the development override or profile, run a dry-run, and then apply the approved configuration. Do not “fix” an unexpected recreation by merely pulling a newer tag; that can hide the automation trigger and introduce a second change.
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Inspect the configuration Compose will actually use
Compose can merge multiple files and resolve values from environment variables. Reviewing only the base YAML can therefore miss the effective image, policy, profile, or Watch rule. Render the model before deployment:
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docker compose configUse the rendered output to verify that the service has the intended digest and pull_policy, that no override changed them, and that development-only services or Watch settings are absent from the production invocation.
Check the environment of the CI job, deployment runner, and service account as well. Compose’s CLI reference documents variables including:
COMPOSE_FILE, which can select one or more Compose files and therefore alter merge results;COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME, which determines the project namespace used for resources;COMPOSE_PROFILES, which controls profile-gated services and automation;COMPOSE_PARALLEL_LIMIT, which limits concurrent Compose operations.
Record these variables in the deployment context and make them visible in logs. A different COMPOSE_FILE or profile selection can make an apparently unchanged command use a different image or enable a development service.
Why Compose may recreate a container
Recreation is not itself proof that a registry update occurred. Separate the possible causes:
- Image reference changed: a reviewed tag or digest edit can require the service to run a different image.
- Effective configuration changed: merged files, environment substitutions, profiles, or service settings can differ from the previous invocation.
- Build automation ran:
--buildor a Watchrebuildaction can create a new local image. - Watch reacted to a file change:
restart,sync+restart, or a rebuild/recreate rule can act without a registry pull. - Required image was not cached: with
pull_policy: never, startup stops with an error instead of fetching an image.
To diagnose safely, capture the exact command and environment, render docker compose config, run the dry-run form of the intended command, and inspect whether the plan includes a pull, build, or recreation. Then compare the image digest and Compose files with the last approved deployment. This sequence distinguishes a registry change from a local automation or configuration change.
Compare the main operating patterns
| Pattern | Image identity | Registry contacted at startup? | Automatic rebuild/recreate risk | Review and rollback |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Digest + never |
Immutable | No | Low, unless build or Watch automation is enabled | Highest control; revert the reviewed digest commit |
Digest + missing |
Immutable | Only when absent locally | Low, with Watch and build rules controlled | Good control with first-run convenience |
Tag + always |
Mutable | Yes, on each start | High; a moved tag can select new content | Rollback requires discovering which manifest the tag selected |
| Digest + scheduled policy | Immutable reference, refresh permitted on schedule | At the configured interval | Planned but automatic image change | Document the window and retain the prior digest for rollback |
| Build-driven service | Produced locally from build inputs | Not necessarily | Build context or Watch changes can produce a new image | Review build inputs and resulting image before promotion |
The first row maximizes reproducibility. The second is useful for hosts that may be empty on first deployment. Scheduled policies are a deliberate compromise: they reduce manual refresh work but require monitoring and a rollback procedure.
Production checklist
- Use a digest reference for every service whose exact image matters.
- Set
pull_policy: neverfor hosts that must not contact a registry during startup. - Preload and verify the digest on those hosts before the deployment window.
- Use
missingonly when first-run pulls are acceptable, and never pair it withlatestwhen predictable starts are required. - Keep image and digest changes in version control and review them like code.
- Run
docker compose pullas a separate staging operation; it downloads images without starting containers. - Run
docker compose --dry-run up --build -dto preview pulls, builds, starts, and recreations. - Render the merged model with
docker compose config. - Audit
COMPOSE_FILE,COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME,COMPOSE_PROFILES, andCOMPOSE_PARALLEL_LIMITin CI and service accounts. - Keep Compose Watch rules in development files or profiles unless automatic rebuilds, syncs, or restarts are explicitly desired in production.
- Retain the previous approved digest so rollback is a configuration revert rather than a search for an older mutable tag.
Practical policy choices
Air-gapped or tightly controlled hosts
Use a digest and pull_policy: never. Transfer the image through your approved staging process, verify that the digest matches the Compose file, and fail the deployment if the image is absent.
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Use an immutable digest with missing when convenience matters. The first run can pull the exact digest; later starts reuse the cache. Keep Watch configuration separate so source edits do not affect production files.
Teams that require scheduled freshness
Select daily, weekly, or an explicit every_<duration> interval only after defining how the new image is inspected, recorded, and rolled back. A schedule is an operational choice, not a substitute for image identity: the digest selected at refresh time should still be captured and reviewed.
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