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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesDocker Compose can run a complete self-hosted application stack on one VPS: the application, database, reverse proxy, and supporting services are defined as reproducible containers. A production deployment differs from a development file because it must persist data, protect secrets, limit public ports, wait for healthy dependencies, terminate HTTPS, and provide a recovery path.
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This guide gives you a reusable Compose foundation, a production override, and practical patterns for WordPress, Ghost, and Nextcloud. Replace the example images, paths, health probes, and environment names with the exact values required by each project’s current documentation.
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What a Compose deployment on a VPS actually does
A VPS is a remote Linux server with its own CPU, memory, disk, network interface, and public IP address. Docker Engine runs containers on that server, while Compose describes how those containers connect, start, store data, and receive configuration. Docker’s production guidance notes that the easiest way to deploy an application is to run it on a single server, much like the development environment.
Compose is an orchestrator for one host, not a replacement for backups, patching, monitoring, or capacity planning. A sound design normally has an application container, a database container, and a reverse proxy. Only the proxy listens on the public web ports; the database and application communicate over private Docker networks.
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Prepare the VPS before writing YAML
Install and lock down the host
- Choose a Linux distribution and Docker Engine version supported by the applications you intend to run. Install the current Docker Compose plugin from Docker’s installation instructions.
- Create a dedicated deployment directory owned by a non-root operational account. Keep SSH administration separate from routine Compose commands where your security policy allows.
- Restrict SSH access, apply security updates, and configure a host firewall. For a normal web stack, allow SSH and TCP ports 80 and 443; open other ports only when an application explicitly requires them.
- Point the application’s DNS records at the VPS, but delay public traffic until the stack passes local health and restore tests.
- Track disk usage. Container logs, database files, uploaded media, and backups can all grow independently.
Do not promise a fixed CPU, RAM, or disk size for every app. A small brochure site and a busy file-sharing instance have very different requirements. Estimate from the application’s support matrix, database size, concurrent users, upload volume, and backup retention, then leave headroom for updates and temporary database operations.
Use a predictable project layout
my-app/
compose.yaml
compose.production.yaml
.env.example
secrets/
db_password.txt
backups/
README.mdKeep the real .env file and everything under secrets/ out of version control. Give secret files restrictive permissions and ensure the deployment account, not every local user, can read them. Pin image tags after checking the target application’s compatibility matrix; silently tracking latest makes rollback and incident analysis unnecessarily difficult.
A reusable base Compose file
The following pattern separates a front network (for the proxy and web-facing services) from a back network marked internal. The application and database use named volumes so replacing a container does not erase state. The database healthcheck gives Compose a readiness signal rather than relying only on container start order.
services:
app:
image: example/app:1.2
restart: unless-stopped
networks: [front, back]
environment:
DATABASE_HOST: db
DATABASE_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
secrets: [db_password]
depends_on:
db:
condition: service_healthy
volumes:
- app_data:/var/lib/example
db:
image: postgres:16
restart: unless-stopped
networks: [back]
environment:
POSTGRES_DB: app
POSTGRES_USER: app
POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
secrets: [db_password]
volumes:
- db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U app -d app"]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
proxy:
image: caddy:2
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
networks: [front]
volumes:
- caddy_data:/data
- caddy_config:/config
volumes:
app_data:
db_data:
caddy_data:
caddy_config:
secrets:
db_password:
file: ./secrets/db_password.txt
networks:
front:
back:
internal: trueA named volume stores data on the host outside the container lifecycle. Removing and recreating a database container therefore does not remove its database files, but deleting the volume does. Treat volume deletion as a destructive operation and require an explicit backup first.
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Why each section exists
- restart: Restarts a process after a crash or host reboot; it does not replace health monitoring or fix a bad configuration.
- networks: The proxy can reach the application on
front; the application reaches the database onback. Markingbackinternal prevents direct external routing. - secrets: Compose mounts the password as a file at
/run/secrets/db_passwordonly in services that list it. - depends_on with health: The application waits for the database healthcheck to pass. This is readiness ordering, not a guarantee that migrations or application-level initialization have completed.
- healthcheck: Use the database client’s real readiness command. Replace it when using a different database engine.
Add production behavior with an override file
Keep development-friendly defaults in compose.yaml and add production-only restrictions in compose.production.yaml. Review the merged result before applying it.
services:
app:
ports: []
logging:
options:
max-size: "10m"
max-file: "3"
db:
ports: []The empty ports lists make it explicit that the application and database are not published directly. Deploy and inspect the rendered configuration with:
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docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.production.yaml up -d
docker compose ps
docker compose logs --tail=100 appCheck the output of config for unexpected interpolated values, host bindings, image tags, mounts, and networks. To rebuild and recreate one service without touching its dependencies, use:
docker compose build web
docker compose up --no-deps -d webUse the complete file list consistently in automation and documentation; running a command with only the base file can accidentally publish development ports or omit production settings.
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Terminate HTTPS at a reverse proxy
Point DNS to the VPS and let the proxy own ports 80 and 443. Persist the proxy’s certificate and configuration directories in named volumes so certificate state survives container replacement. The proxy forwards requests to the application over the private front network and should preserve the original host, scheme, and client address headers required by the application.
Never expose an application’s internal port merely because it is convenient for testing. If temporary direct access is unavoidable, bind it to 127.0.0.1, remove the mapping before public launch, and verify with docker compose config.
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WordPress with MySQL
The official WordPress/MySQL Compose sample is a useful starting point. Adapt it so MySQL is attached only to the back network, its data directory is a named volume, and WordPress is reachable from the proxy rather than from a public host port. Where the image supports *_FILE variables, provide the database password through a Compose secret file.
Production checks
- Use a MySQL healthcheck and make WordPress depend on that health status.
- Persist the WordPress content volume, including uploaded media and installed plugins.
- Test media uploads, permalink rewrites, scheduled tasks (cron), and administrator login through HTTPS.
- Back up both the database dump and the content volume. A database-only backup cannot restore uploaded files; a files-only backup cannot restore posts and settings.
- Before upgrading, record the current image tags and take a verified backup. Roll back the image only when the database schema remains compatible with that version.
Ghost with MySQL 8
Ghost’s production requirements are specific: MySQL 8, HTTPS, and a reverse proxy that sends X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Host, and X-Forwarded-Proto: https. Set Ghost’s url configuration to the real HTTPS domain, not an internal container name or HTTP address.
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Compose design
- Run Ghost and MySQL 8 on the private back network, with a persistent Ghost content volume and a persistent MySQL data volume.
- Publish only the proxy’s 80/443 bindings. Do not map Ghost’s internal port to the VPS interface.
- Inject the database password using a secret mechanism supported by the selected image and verify the image’s exact variable names.
- Confirm that the proxy forwards the three required headers; incorrect scheme information commonly causes redirect loops or mixed-content behavior.
Test post creation, image upload, admin access, canonical redirects, and certificate renewal before switching DNS or declaring the deployment production-ready.
Nextcloud behind a proxy
Nextcloud’s basic container setup does not provide SSL and is intended to run behind a reverse proxy. Persist the Nextcloud data volume and database, and configure trusted proxy addresses explicitly. Trust only the proxy’s private IP address or a narrowly defined private CIDR; trusting arbitrary networks allows spoofed client information.
Operational requirements
- Set the application’s trusted-proxy and overwrite-protocol settings according to the proxy topology so generated links use HTTPS.
- Add Redis when the supported Nextcloud deployment requires it for locking or transactional file operations; place Redis on the private network and do not publish its port.
- Verify WebDAV, large-file uploads, background jobs, sharing links, and forwarded-proto behavior through the public hostname.
- Back up the database and the complete data volume, then perform a restore to a separate test project before relying on the backup.
Keep databases and secrets private
Public exposure should be an explicit exception. In a normal web stack, the firewall and Compose port mappings expose SSH, 80, and 443 only. Database ports, Redis, internal admin endpoints, and application listeners stay on private Docker networks. Binding a port to 0.0.0.0 publishes it on every host interface; omit the mapping entirely when the proxy is the only intended entry point.
Compose secrets are mounted files, not encrypted storage. Protect the host, restrict file permissions, avoid committing secret files, and rotate credentials when staff, machines, or repositories change. Do not bake passwords into images or place long-lived production credentials in a tracked environment file.
Backups, upgrades, and rollback
Back up what is stateful
- Dump each database with its native tool and retain the dump outside the VPS.
- Archive named volumes containing uploads, configuration, certificates, and application state.
- Keep backups on separate storage from the server being backed up and document retention and encryption.
- Perform a trial restore. A backup that has never been restored is an unverified assumption.
Update one service at a time
- Read the application and database release notes and confirm supported version combinations.
- Save a database dump, volume snapshot or archive, and the currently running image tag.
- Pull or build the new image, then recreate only the target service where possible.
- Inspect healthchecks, logs, migrations, HTTPS responses, uploads, and background jobs.
- Keep the previous image tag and backup until the new release has operated successfully for a defined observation period.
A rollback is not always a simple image change: a migration may make a database incompatible with the older application. Restore the database backup first when the release notes require it, then redeploy the known-good image.
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| Stack | Application and database | Persistent data and backup | Public exposure | Readiness and HTTPS considerations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | WordPress with MySQL; use the versions supported by the official sample and image. | WordPress content volume plus MySQL data volume; back up both and a database dump. | Proxy on 80/443; WordPress and MySQL private. | MySQL healthcheck; test uploads, rewrites, cron, and restore. |
| Ghost | Ghost requires MySQL 8 for production. | Ghost content and MySQL data volumes; archive content and dump MySQL. | Do not publish Ghost’s internal port; proxy handles 80/443. | HTTPS, real domain in url, and X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Host, X-Forwarded-Proto: https. |
| Nextcloud | Nextcloud with its supported database; add Redis when required by the deployment. | Nextcloud data volume plus database (and Redis configuration if persistent); test a full restore. | Proxy is public; database and Redis remain private. | Explicit trusted-proxy settings; verify WebDAV, large uploads, jobs, and forwarded HTTPS. |
Exact CPU, RAM, disk, and traffic requirements are not universal values. Size each VPS from the selected application’s guidance and your workload, then monitor real usage before increasing limits or moving to multiple hosts.
Troubleshoot by symptom
The application starts before the database
Inspect docker compose ps and the database healthcheck logs. Confirm the probe uses the right user, database name, and client command. Keep depends_on with condition: service_healthy, but also make the application retry connections because a healthy database can become temporarily unavailable later.
HTTPS redirects loop or links use HTTP
Verify the proxy’s forwarded-host and forwarded-proto headers, the application’s canonical URL, and any trusted-proxy or overwrite-protocol setting. Test from the public hostname rather than an internal container address.
Data disappeared after a redeploy
Run docker volume ls and inspect the service’s rendered mounts with docker compose config. Confirm that the expected named volume is attached at the application’s documented data path and that nobody ran a command with volume removal.
A container repeatedly restarts
Read recent logs, check the resolved environment and secret mounts, and compare the image tag with the application’s supported database version. A restart policy can hide a persistent configuration error by repeatedly relaunching the same failing process.
Launch checklist
- Install supported Docker Engine and Compose versions on a patched VPS.
- Create a non-root project directory and protect
.envand secret files. - Define private back-end networks, named volumes, healthchecks, and restart policies.
- Expose only the reverse proxy and required public ports.
- Render and inspect the merged production configuration.
- Start the stack and review
docker compose psand service logs. - Verify HTTPS, application-specific headers, uploads, jobs, and authentication.
- Back up volumes and databases to storage outside the VPS and test a restore.
- Monitor disk growth, certificate renewal, restart counts, and logs.
- Document image tags, rollback steps, and the person responsible for updates.
A single VPS running Compose is a practical way to self-host when you deliberately separate public traffic from private services, persist state outside containers, inject secrets safely, and rehearse recovery. The YAML is only the beginning; repeatable operations and tested backups are what make the deployment dependable.
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