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Start with semantic HTML
A site-wide header commonly contains recurring site identity and utility content, such as a logo, primary navigation, or search. The W3C WAI page-regions guidance describes the purpose of page regions; MDN documents the HTML <header> element.
Use <header> for the introductory or identity region, and put a significant group of navigation links in <nav>. Use ordinary links for navigation and native buttons for actions. A page-level header is not interchangeable with an article’s introductory header: as MDN explains, a <header> in a body context defines a banner landmark, while one nested in content such as an article or section does not serve as the page banner landmark.
<header class="site-header">
<a class="site-brand" href="/" aria-label="Example site home">
<img src="/images/logo.svg" alt="Example Site" width="140" height="36">
</a>
<nav class="primary-nav" aria-label="Primary navigation">
<ul>
<li><a href="/guides/">Guides</a></li>
<li><a href="/reviews/">Reviews</a></li>
<li><a href="/about/">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<a class="header-action" href="/subscribe/">Subscribe</a>
</header>For a logo image that conveys the site’s identity, provide meaningful alternative text. If the linked image’s accessible name is already supplied by an aria-label on the link, use an empty alt value to avoid announcing the identity twice. Avoid adding a heading solely to get a particular font size; use headings for actual content structure and style their appearance separately.
Style the header with CSS
Start with a container width and spacing that suit the rest of the site, then align the brand, navigation, and action. This example uses Flexbox and allows the content to wrap instead of clipping when the row becomes crowded.
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* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.site-header {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: space-between;
gap: 1rem 2rem;
max-width: 72rem;
margin-inline: auto;
padding: 1rem clamp(1rem, 4vw, 2rem);
border-bottom: 1px solid #d9dee7;
background: #fff;
color: #172033;
}
.site-brand {
flex: 0 0 auto;
line-height: 0;
}
.site-brand img {
display: block;
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
.primary-nav ul {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 0.5rem 1.25rem;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
}
.primary-nav a,
.header-action {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
}
.primary-nav a {
display: inline-block;
padding-block: 0.5rem;
}
.primary-nav a:hover,
.header-action:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
text-underline-offset: 0.2em;
}
.primary-nav a:focus-visible,
.site-brand:focus-visible,
.header-action:focus-visible {
outline: 3px solid #245bdb;
outline-offset: 3px;
}
.header-action {
flex: 0 0 auto;
padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem;
border: 1px solid currentColor;
border-radius: 0.35rem;
}
@media (max-width: 42rem) {
.site-header {
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.primary-nav {
order: 1;
flex-basis: 100%;
}
}The maximum width, padding, colors, and 42rem breakpoint above are example design choices, not standards. Adjust them for your content and test at widths where the actual logo, links, and action begin to crowd or wrap.
Why this layout works
- Flexbox aligns the main items. The brand and action keep their intrinsic size while the navigation occupies the remaining space.
- Wrapping is a fallback. The navigation list can wrap, and the narrow-width rule gives it a full row rather than letting the whole header overflow.
- Focus remains visible. Keyboard users can see which link or action is active.
- The source order stays sensible. The brand comes first, followed by navigation and the action in the HTML, so the reading and keyboard order remain logical.
Choose a responsive behavior that fits the content
There is no universal breakpoint for a header. Choose one by resizing the page until the real content no longer fits comfortably, then decide whether to wrap, stack, or provide a compact navigation control. The W3Schools responsive-header example stacks links at 500px; that is an example implementation, not a prescribed breakpoint.
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| Approach | Useful when | Check before using it |
|---|---|---|
| Single row | The brand, navigation, and utility items fit without crowding at the tested width. | Confirm no links clip, overlap, or become difficult to tap. |
| Wrapping or stacked rows | The same navigation can remain visible while moving to another line at narrower widths. | Check that the resulting header is not excessively tall and that visual order still follows the HTML order. |
| Compact menu control | The full navigation cannot remain usable in the available space. | A real menu needs an operable native button and appropriate behavior; hiding links with CSS alone does not create a working menu. |
When CSS changes visual placement, keep the DOM order aligned with the order people should read and use the controls. MDN’s HTML accessibility guidance emphasizes getting logical source order right; W3C’s H69 technique discusses headings at the beginning of content sections. H69 is a technique, not a blanket requirement to add headings for visual styling.
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Inspect the result at different widths
- Load the page at a wide viewport and confirm the brand, navigation, and action align as intended.
- Reduce the viewport gradually. Note where text wraps, items collide, or the navigation becomes hard to use.
- Check a narrow viewport and verify every link remains available and operable.
- Use the keyboard to move through the header; confirm focus is visible and follows the same sensible order as the content.
- Check that the header’s contrast, spacing, and tap targets work with the site’s actual type and colors.
You can inspect a rendered page with ScreenshotNeo, a website screenshot API and MCP server for developers. For example, capture a test page at a chosen viewport and compare its layout as you adjust the CSS. Screenshots complement—not replace—keyboard checks and testing at intermediate widths.
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Troubleshoot common header problems
Items overflow or overlap
The row may not have enough room for the logo, link labels, gaps, and action. Reduce unnecessary spacing, permit wrapping, or move to a stacked layout at a content-tested breakpoint. Do not solve overflow by hiding navigation links without providing a usable alternative.
The logo is too large or distorted
Set a sensible width and allow the image height to remain automatic. Explicit width and height attributes help reserve layout space, but the CSS should still constrain the image to the header’s available width.
Keyboard focus is hard to see
Check whether a reset or global rule removed outlines. Add a visible :focus-visible style with enough contrast against the header background; do not rely on hover styling as a substitute.
The header looks right but reads in the wrong order
CSS visual reordering can diverge from document order. Prefer a source order that already matches the intended reading and keyboard sequence, and use layout rules that preserve it.
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Structure headings for content, not appearance
A site header’s logo and navigation do not need to be wrapped in headings simply because they are prominent. Use heading levels to identify the sections of page content, and use CSS for font size and visual hierarchy. W3C WAI’s H69 guidance describes headings at the beginning of sections as a technique for communicating structure; it does not require a heading in every header element.
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