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Start with the deployment model and a written ownership boundary
A security setting is only effective when someone is responsible for configuring it, testing it and maintaining it. Draw that boundary before deployment, and record the owner for each control in your runbook. The ClickHouse Information Security Addendum, effective October 7, 2026, applies its commitments to specified ClickHouse Cloud services and BYOC arrangements; it is not a list of secure defaults for a self-managed server.
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| Deployment approach | Who operates and patches infrastructure | Who administers identities, access and data | Who owns network and cloud-account controls | Evidence and staffing implications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-managed ClickHouse | Your team operates the host, operating system, ClickHouse binaries, storage and orchestration, and must stage and apply fixes. | Your team creates users and roles, grants privileges, protects credentials and governs the data. | Your team controls interfaces, firewalls, private networking, cloud accounts and administrative access. | Requires in-house operational coverage, security monitoring, vulnerability review and incident response evidence. |
| ClickHouse Cloud | ClickHouse operates the service infrastructure and describes its own testing, monitoring and remediation commitments. | Customers remain responsible for managing their data and access. The addendum states: “For the Cloud Services, customers are responsible for managing their data and access.” | ClickHouse controls the managed service boundary; customers still need to secure their identities, integrations, networks and endpoints that connect to it. | Less infrastructure work, but you still need access reviews, configuration evidence and a response plan for your environment. |
| BYOC | Responsibilities are split: ClickHouse supplies the service components while the customer retains additional cloud-infrastructure security and management duties. | Customer data and access administration remain customer responsibilities. | Your team retains more responsibility for the cloud account, network, identity integration and surrounding infrastructure than with a fully managed service. | Plan for both vendor-service evidence and your own cloud-control evidence; staffing needs are between self-managed and fully managed operation. |
Use this table as a starting point, not a contract summary. Read the current service terms for the exact Cloud or BYOC product and region you operate. For a self-managed build, assume that an unassigned control is yours until your team documents otherwise.
Create intentional identities and least-privilege roles
Use named human and service accounts
Do not make a shared administrator credential the normal path for people or applications. Create a named account for each operator and a separate service account for each workload or integration. Roles are the reusable unit for privileges, settings and constraints, and can include other assigned roles. This lets you change a role once rather than editing dozens of users.
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- Inventory access. List humans, applications, scheduled jobs, replication or distributed-query components, and emergency accounts. Record the owner, purpose, expiry or review date, and the data each identity needs.
- Create roles around work. Separate read, write, schema-change, operational and break-glass duties. Grant only the databases, tables, columns, settings and actions required for that job.
- Assign roles to users. Keep direct grants exceptional so that
SHOW GRANTSand role membership explain a user’s effective access. - Review and remove. Revoke unused privileges when a workload changes, an employee leaves, or a temporary migration ends. Schedule periodic reviews rather than relying on memory.
Illustrative SQL (check the syntax and supported access-control features against your ClickHouse release) looks like this:
CREATE ROLE reporting_reader;
GRANT SELECT ON analytics.* TO reporting_reader;
CREATE USER analyst IDENTIFIED WITH sha256_password BY 'use-a-secret-manager';
GRANT reporting_reader TO analyst;
SHOW GRANTS FOR analyst;
REVOKE SELECT ON analytics.sensitive_events FROM reporting_reader;Store passwords, certificate keys and inter-node secrets in a secret manager or equivalent protected mechanism. Never put a production secret in a checked-in configuration file, image layer, shell history or ticket.
Use row policies only within their documented limits
Row policies can filter which rows a user or role can read, but they are not a universal tenant-isolation boundary. The documentation describes them as meaningful with read-only access. A user that can write, manipulate partitions or copy partitions may be able to defeat the intended restriction. Treat any write-capable policy design as a security review item, not as proof of isolation.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesDistributed and remote-backed tables add another trap: the policy must be designed on the underlying tables and the query path must be tested across the participating servers. Validate behavior with the exact ClickHouse version, table engine, distributed layout and credentials used in production. Test allowed rows, denied rows, aggregation leakage, subqueries, remote reads, inserts, mutations and partition operations. If the consequence of a bypass is high, enforce tenancy at a separate data or service boundary as well as with a row policy.
Rank #2
Replace the default user without breaking the cluster
A fresh installation creates only the default user. ClickHouse also uses that account for inter-node communication by default, so deleting or disabling it first can break distributed operation or leave you locked out.
- Connect through a protected administrative path. Use a local socket, private management network or other restricted route while the initial configuration is being changed. Do not expose an unconfigured administrator to the public internet.
- Create a named SQL administrator. Give it the minimum administrative privileges needed to complete setup, protect its credential, and verify that it can reconnect independently.
- Configure cluster authentication. Set an inter-node secret, cluster credentials, and/or the credentials used by internode HTTP and transport protocols according to your topology and release documentation. Update every participating server consistently.
- Test distributed behavior. Run a controlled distributed query or other cluster health check from the replacement credentials. Confirm that replicas, distributed tables and Keeper-related operations still authenticate as intended.
- Disable the default account. Only after the replacement administrator and inter-node authentication have been verified should you disable the default user for production access.
- Retain a controlled recovery path. Document who can re-enable or recover access, where the emergency credential is stored, and how that action is audited. Keep it disabled during normal operation.
The access-control guidance specifically recommends disabling default in production after a SQL administrator is established and inter-node communication is configured. The exact user-storage and password settings are release-sensitive; compare the access-control documentation with the version you run before applying them.
Restrict network reachability before adding traffic
Network exposure is a deployment control, not a ClickHouse-only setting. Bind services to the interfaces they actually need, place administrative access on a private management path, and allow client traffic only from approved application or operator networks. Keep cluster communication separate from public application traffic where the topology permits it.
- Expose only the client and cluster endpoints required by your architecture; do not publish every listening interface by habit.
- Enforce allow-lists at the cloud security-group, firewall, load-balancer or service-mesh boundary that surrounds ClickHouse.
- Restrict administrative SQL and configuration access to a bastion, private network or equivalent controlled route.
- Review DNS names, load balancers, service discovery and temporary troubleshooting rules after every topology change.
- Log accepted and rejected connections at the boundary so an unexpected source is visible during an investigation.
There is no single port-by-port firewall recipe that fits every ClickHouse release and deployment. Derive the allow-list from the interfaces and protocols enabled in your configuration, then verify it from both an approved client and an unapproved network. A successful connection from an unintended network is a finding even when authentication is strong.
Rank #3
Encrypt client and inter-node transport, and verify certificates
Self-managed deployments
Configure TLS for client connections and encrypted transport between cluster components according to your exact ClickHouse release and topology. The server settings reference contains the OpenSSL/TLS-related options, but names and defaults can change; do not copy a setting from a different version without checking it.
- Choose a certificate authority trusted by every intended client and cluster participant. Define the server names that clients will validate and issue certificates with matching identities.
- Protect private keys with filesystem permissions, a secret-management system or an equivalent control. Keep key material out of container layers and source repositories.
- Enable encrypted client endpoints and configure clients to validate the server certificate and hostname rather than merely turning encryption on.
- Enable encrypted inter-node channels required by your distributed queries, replication and internal protocols. Use the configured cluster credentials or secrets in addition to transport encryption where the topology calls for both.
- Test certificate-chain validation, hostname checks, expiration alarms, rotation and rollback in a staging environment. Then verify an encrypted connection from a real production client and a real cluster peer.
- Monitor certificate and key expiry dates. Rotate before expiration, distribute the replacement safely, and remove obsolete keys after all dependents have moved.
Encryption does not replace network restrictions or authentication: TLS protects the channel, while identities, privileges and boundary controls determine who may use it.
What ClickHouse Cloud commits to
The ClickHouse Information Security Addendum says ClickHouse Cloud encrypts customer data in transit with a minimum of SSL using SHA-256 or TLS 1.2 with strong ciphers, and encrypts data at rest with at least AES-256 and strong ciphers. It also says hosting-provider-managed keys are rotated at least annually. These are vendor commitments for the covered Cloud services, not evidence that a self-managed installation has those protections enabled. Confirm the endpoint and client-validation requirements for your Cloud connection and secure the credentials and networks on your side.
Protect secrets and administrative pathways
Centralize storage of SQL passwords, inter-node secrets, TLS private keys and cloud credentials. Grant retrieval access to the smallest set of runtime identities, audit reads, and rotate on a schedule driven by risk, personnel changes and suspected exposure. When a secret is rotated, test every dependent service and remove the old value rather than leaving two permanent credentials active.
Separate day-to-day operator accounts from emergency administration. Require a second approval or equivalent control for enabling a break-glass account, record the reason and duration, and review the resulting audit trail. Do not use a high-privilege credential in application connection strings when a narrowly scoped role can perform the same operation.
Make patching and vulnerability review recurring work
Self-managed operating rhythm
Set the cadence from your risk and compliance requirements; there is no universal self-managed interval established here. At minimum, subscribe to ClickHouse release and security notices, track the version of every server and supporting component, and maintain a tested path to deploy fixes promptly.
- Maintain an inventory of ClickHouse Server, Keeper, operating-system packages, container images, orchestration components and plugins.
- Review release notes and vulnerability notices for the exact versions and build sources you use.
- Stage upgrades with representative distributed tables, row policies, TLS clients, authentication and rollback procedures.
- After deployment, verify versions, listeners, certificate state, inter-node authentication, access grants and query health.
- Reassess exposed services and credentials after an upgrade; hardening can be undone by a changed image or configuration.
- Document exceptions, compensating controls and the date at which each exception must be revisited.
How the Cloud commitment should be read
The October 7, 2026 addendum describes periodic network, infrastructure and application vulnerability testing, at least annual network and application penetration testing, periodic network-control reviews, and monitoring and incident response for ClickHouse Cloud. It says ClickHouse will use commercially reasonable efforts to remediate or mitigate critical vulnerabilities within 14 days, measured from a compatible vendor patch becoming available for a public third-party vulnerability or confirmation of an internal vulnerability. That period applies to ClickHouse’s release of a fix and excludes the time a customer takes to adopt it; it is not a patching SLA for self-managed deployments.
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Retain and monitor security-relevant logs from ClickHouse, the host or container runtime, identity provider, network boundary and orchestration layer. Alert on events such as repeated authentication failures, a new administrator or role grant, unexpected privilege changes, disabled accounts being re-enabled, configuration changes, unusual source networks, certificate failures and sudden export or query-volume changes.
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Define an incident process before an incident:
- Contain. Restrict the affected network path, disable or rotate compromised credentials and preserve the system state needed for investigation.
- Scope. Identify affected users, roles, tables, replicas, backups, logs and external systems. Check whether distributed queries or remote tables expanded the exposure.
- Eradicate. Remove unauthorized accounts or grants, patch the vulnerable component, rebuild compromised images or hosts, and rotate every secret that may have been visible.
- Recover. Restore service through a verified configuration, test access and encryption, and monitor intensively for recurrence.
- Learn. Record the timeline, evidence, customer or regulatory notifications required, and the control change that prevents a repeat.
Exercise the procedure with a credential leak, an expired certificate and a compromised container image. A plan that exists only in a ticket is not an operational control.
Consider hardened container images when containers are your boundary
A ClickHouse engineering article dated July 10, 2026 reports Docker Hardened Images for ClickHouse Server, Keeper, the Kubernetes Operator and Helm chart, and the metrics exporter. The article describes a minimal image base and a non-root default for the hardened server image. These properties can reduce attack surface and improve the consequences of a container escape, but they do not replace runtime isolation, network controls, access governance or patching.
In the same article, ClickHouse reports Docker Scout’s comparison across 111 packages:
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| Standard image | 8 | 11 | ClickHouse’s report of Docker Scout’s scan at the time of publication. |
| Hardened image | 0 | 14 | ClickHouse’s report of the same comparison; remaining findings were in core libraries with no fix available then. |
Those figures are not an independent test and do not mean the hardened image is vulnerability-free. Image tags and scan results can change. Pin an approved digest, scan the exact artifact in your registry, run the process as non-root where supported, drop unnecessary Linux capabilities, use a read-only root filesystem when compatible, and keep the image and host patched.
Use this pre-production and post-change checklist
Before the first production query
- Deployment model and control owners are documented.
- Named human and service accounts exist; shared credentials are removed from normal use.
- Roles, grants, settings and constraints match documented jobs, and
SHOW GRANTSoutput has been reviewed. - Row policies have been tested against reads, writes, mutations, partition operations, distributed queries and remote-backed tables where applicable.
- A replacement administrator and inter-node credentials work before the
defaultuser is disabled. - Only required interfaces and source networks can connect; administrative access is private and separately logged.
- Client and inter-node TLS are enabled, certificate validation succeeds, and rotation and expiry alerts are active.
- Secrets are held in protected storage, have owners and rotation procedures, and are absent from images and repositories.
- Versions, image digests, vulnerability exceptions, rollback steps and maintenance contacts are recorded.
- Logs, alerts and an incident-response runbook have been exercised.
After every security-sensitive change
- Re-run an approved-client and denied-client network test.
- Verify authentication, effective grants, row-policy behavior and distributed operations.
- Confirm encrypted transport and certificate identity from real clients and peers.
- Check that monitoring still receives login, privilege, configuration and network events.
- Review temporary firewall rules, emergency accounts, old certificates and superseded secrets.
- Record the version, configuration change, test result, approver and rollback point.
Common mistakes and the safer correction
| Mistake | Why it fails | Safer correction |
|---|---|---|
Disabling default before configuring cluster authentication |
The account may still be required for inter-node communication, causing failures or lockout. | Create and test a SQL administrator, configure inter-node secrets or credentials, verify distributed behavior, then disable it. |
| Using a row policy as the only tenant boundary for a write-capable user | Write or partition-copy capabilities can defeat the restriction. | Keep policy users read-only where possible, test the complete query path, and add a stronger data or service boundary for high-impact isolation. |
| Turning on TLS without validating certificates | Encryption without identity validation can still permit a man-in-the-middle connection. | Configure trusted authorities, hostname checks, expiry monitoring and rotation tests for the exact release. |
| Assuming Cloud commitments configure a self-managed server | The addendum covers specified Cloud and BYOC responsibilities, not your host or network. | Assign and verify every self-managed control in your own runbook. |
| Keeping a container image because an old scan was clean | Image contents and vulnerability databases change, and a scan never proves absence of vulnerabilities. | Pin the artifact, scan it continuously, patch promptly and apply runtime hardening. |
Use the current ClickHouse access-control and server-settings documentation for your installed version, especially where user configuration, distributed row-policy behavior, TLS settings or inter-node authentication are involved. Security is a continuing operating practice: ownership, least privilege, verified encryption, restricted reachability, timely fixes and rehearsed response must remain aligned as the deployment changes.
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