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Only transient failures should be retried. Temporary throttling (429), overload (529), internal API failures (500), and processing timeouts (504) can recover with bounded exponential backoff and jitter. A 429 caused by a spending cap, an invalid request (400), an authentication failure (401), or a retired model will continue failing until the underlying condition changes.
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Use the status code to choose the fix
Claude’s API error response includes a status code, an error type, a human-readable message, and a request ID. Record all four, along with the model ID, endpoint, timestamp, and the exact request shape. Do not classify an error from the message alone: the same application symptom, such as “the model stopped working,” can result from throttling, a retired model, a payload limit, or a permission change.
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|---|---|---|---|
| 400 | invalid_request_error |
No, not without changing the request | Message identifies a validation or model-rule violation; compare the payload with the current model documentation. |
| 401 | Authentication failure | No | Verify the API key is present, valid, and not revoked or expired. |
| 402 | Billing failure | No | Correct payment or billing configuration. |
| 403 | Permission failure | No | Confirm organization and workspace access to the requested resource. |
| 404 | Missing endpoint or resource | No | Check the URL path, resource ID, and model ID. |
| 409 | Conflict | Only after resolving the conflicting state | Complete or cancel the concurrent operation that owns the resource. |
| 413 | request_too_large |
No | Measure bytes and split, compress, or relocate the input. |
| 429 | rate_limit_error |
Sometimes | Inspect rate headers and Console usage, tier, and spending limits; a cap-related 429 will not clear merely by waiting. |
| 500 | api_error |
Yes, with a limit | Retry with exponential backoff; escalate persistent failures with the request ID. |
| 504 | timeout_error |
Yes, with a limit | Stream long responses, reduce unnecessary prompt material, and allow sufficient client timeout. |
| 529 | overloaded_error |
Yes, with a limit | Service is temporarily overloaded; back off and prevent synchronized worker retries. |
Why Claude returns 429 and how to fix it
A 429 is not one condition. Anthropic documents three common causes: the organization exceeded a request-rate limit, the usage tier reached its monthly spending cap, or a Claude Code workspace reached its spending limit. The response headers and the Claude Console distinguish temporary throttling from an account limit.
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Temporary request throttling
If the response includes retry guidance or rate-limit headers, treat the event as temporary. Honor the supplied delay, add random jitter, and reduce concurrency if many workers are sending at once. Retrying every worker at exactly the same interval creates a synchronized burst and can extend the outage.
Usage-tier or workspace spending cap
A 429 caused by a usage-tier spending cap has no retry-after header and continues until access resumes. More retries cannot fix it. Open the Claude Console and inspect usage, billing, tier status, and any Claude Code workspace spending limit. Increase an eligible limit or wait for access to resume, then re-enable traffic gradually.
Evidence to log
- The complete status and error type.
- Any rate-limit headers, including a retry delay when one is supplied.
- Organization, workspace, and model identifiers.
- Whether the Console shows request throttling or a spending cap.
What Claude error 529 means
529 overloaded_error means the API is temporarily overloaded. It is a provider-side condition, not proof that your JSON is malformed. Keep the request ID, pause, and retry with exponential backoff, jitter, and a hard attempt limit. Queue work instead of allowing every application thread to retry simultaneously.
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Use a circuit breaker for sustained 529 responses: temporarily stop creating new attempts, let the backoff window pass, and resume at a lower concurrency. Preserve failed work in a durable queue so a process restart does not duplicate or lose jobs.
Handling 500 and 504 responses
500 api_error
A 500 is an internal API failure. Anthropic recommends exponential-backoff retries. Set a maximum number of attempts and an overall time budget; a request that never succeeds should move to an error queue rather than retry indefinitely. If the same operation continues to return 500, contact support with the request ID, timestamp, model, endpoint, and a reproducible description.
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504 timeout_error
A 504 means processing exceeded the server’s time window. For long-running generations, use Messages API streaming so output can be delivered as it is produced. Remove unnecessary prompt and tool content, and configure the client timeout long enough for the intended generation. A client timeout that is shorter than the server’s processing window can look like an API failure even when the server is still working.
Fixing 400 invalid_request_error
Do not retry an unchanged 400. Compare the complete request with the current documentation for the exact model version, then remove or revise the field named in the error.
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Assistant-message prefill restrictions
Anthropic documents 400 responses when assistant-message prefill is unsupported on Claude 4.6 and later and on Claude Mythos Preview. If your prompt ends with an assistant message intended to force a format or opening phrase, remove that prefill and express the requirement in the user message or the model’s supported prompting mechanism.
Thinking blocks and thinking settings
Thinking blocks are structured model output. Modified or reordered blocks, or a thinking configuration that the selected model does not support, can invalidate the request. Preserve blocks exactly when passing them between turns, and use only the thinking mode and parameters documented for that model.
Sampling parameters
Some newer models reject non-default temperature, top_p, or top_k. Remove those fields or restore their documented defaults instead of assuming settings accepted by an older Claude model remain valid.
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A practical payload diff
- Save the serialized JSON that produced the 400, with secrets removed from diagnostic copies.
- Confirm the endpoint and model ID are intended for the API version you are calling.
- Compare message roles, content-block types, thinking blocks, prefill, and sampling fields with the model’s current rules.
- Delete one unsupported field at a time and send a minimal request to identify the first invalid change.
- After the minimal request succeeds, add application fields back incrementally and keep the successful payload as a regression fixture.
413 request-too-large errors: measure bytes, not just tokens
A request can exceed a byte limit before it reaches a model’s token window. The direct API documents these maximum request sizes:
| Direct API operation | Maximum request size | What to do when exceeded |
|---|---|---|
| Messages | 32 MB | Split the conversation or document, reduce embedded media, or remove duplicated context. |
| Token Counting | 32 MB | Count smaller chunks and aggregate the results in your application. |
| Batch | 256 MB | Divide the batch into smaller submissions. |
| Files | 500 MB | Use the Files workflow for eligible content instead of embedding the entire file in a Messages request. |
These are byte limits, so a payload with compressed text, Unicode, base64 images, or large metadata can hit the ceiling unexpectedly. Measure the encoded HTTP body, not only the visible character count or estimated tokens. Compress where the endpoint supports it, resize or remove unnecessary images, and split large documents at logical boundaries while preserving the context each part requires.
Authentication, billing, permission, resource, and conflict errors
401: key rejected
Check that the key is sent in the expected header, belongs to the intended organization, and has not been revoked or expired. Verify the deployed service is reading the updated secret rather than a stale environment variable. A new key does not help if the request is routed to the wrong organization.
402: billing state
Resolve payment or billing configuration in the account that owns the API usage. Retrying from application code cannot change an unpaid or misconfigured account.
403: access denied
Confirm that the organization and workspace are allowed to use the requested model, endpoint, file, or administrative resource. Check role assignments and workspace boundaries before changing code.
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404: wrong path or identifier
Verify the endpoint path, API version, resource ID, and model ID character for character. A model that was renamed, retired, or mistyped can appear as a missing resource.
409: concurrent state conflict
A 409 indicates that another operation has changed or currently owns the resource. Read the latest state, resolve the competing operation, and then submit the intended change. Blind retries can reproduce the conflict.
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Retry only statuses that can plausibly recover: temporary 429 throttling, 500, 504, and 529. Do not automatically retry 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 409, 413, or a 429 identified as a spending cap. For non-idempotent side effects, use an application-level idempotency key or a durable job record so a successful server operation is not repeated after a lost response.
Backoff algorithm
Use the server’s retry delay when supplied. Otherwise, increase the delay after each attempt and add jitter. A common bounded calculation is delay = min(maxDelay, baseDelay × 2attempt) + random(0, jitter). Choose limits appropriate to your latency budget, cap the total elapsed time, and emit a metric for each discarded attempt.
async function callWithRetry(send, maxAttempts = 5) {
for (let attempt = 0; attempt < maxAttempts; attempt++) {
const response = await send();
if (response.ok) return response;
const status = response.status;
const retryable = status === 429 || status === 500 || status === 504 || status === 529;
const error = await response.json().catch(() => ({}));
const type = error?.error?.type;
if (!retryable || (status === 429 && type === 'spending_limit_error')) {
throw new Error(`Claude ${status}: ${type || 'unknown_error'}`);
}
const retryAfter = Number(response.headers.get('retry-after'));
const serverDelay = Number.isFinite(retryAfter) ? retryAfter * 1000 : 0;
const exponential = Math.min(30_000, 500 * (2 ** attempt));
const jitter = Math.floor(Math.random() * 250);
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, Math.max(serverDelay, exponential + jitter)));
}
throw new Error('Claude request exceeded retry budget');
}The exact error-type string for a spending cap can vary by integration, so production code should also inspect the message, headers, and Console state rather than relying on one local string. Always log the request ID from the response, including when the final attempt fails.
When a Claude model suddenly stops working
Anthropic classifies models as active, legacy, deprecated, or retired. A retired model is unavailable, so requests using its ID fail rather than recovering through retries. A deprecated model may still respond temporarily but should be replaced; Anthropic states: "Deprecated models are likely to be less reliable than active models."
Migration procedure
- Audit model IDs in application configuration, environment variables, scheduled jobs, and stored prompts.
- Check the model lifecycle status in the Claude Console and Anthropic’s current lifecycle documentation.
- Use Anthropic’s listed replacement for each deprecated or retired ID; do not infer a replacement from a similar name.
- Run representative prompts, tool calls, structured-output checks, latency checks, and token-cost checks against the replacement.
- Deploy the new ID before the announced retirement date and retain a rollback plan that uses an active model.
If failures begin immediately after a model-ID change, compare the deployed value with the exact identifier expected by the endpoint. A valid key and a healthy service cannot make a retired identifier available.
Direct Anthropic API versus Amazon Bedrock
Amazon Bedrock adds routing, region, and payload constraints on top of Claude’s model behavior. Diagnose the platform first, then the model request.
Inference profiles
Anthropic documents that newer Bedrock models may require an inference-profile ID or ARN instead of a base model ID. If a previously valid base ID begins returning validation or resource errors, check the Bedrock model-invocation documentation for the required profile and update the invocation target.
Bedrock’s 20 MB payload ceiling
Bedrock limits request payloads to 20 MB. This limit is smaller than the direct API’s 32 MB Messages and Token Counting limit, so a document can succeed through Anthropic’s direct endpoint but fail through Bedrock before token-window validation. Measure the serialized Bedrock body and split or relocate large inputs accordingly.
Global and regional endpoints
Global endpoints dynamically route requests for availability. Regional endpoints keep data in a selected geography. Anthropic documents a 10% pricing premium for regional endpoints for Sonnet 4.5 and future models. Choose the endpoint type deliberately: use regional routing when geography is a requirement, and account for that documented premium when estimating cost.
Bedrock diagnostic checklist
- Confirm the AWS region and endpoint type used by the deployed client.
- Verify whether the selected model requires an inference-profile ID or ARN.
- Measure the request body against Bedrock’s 20 MB limit.
- Check IAM permissions and the account’s model-access state separately from Claude request validation.
- Capture the Bedrock invocation metadata together with Anthropic’s request information when available.
A deterministic troubleshooting workflow
- Capture the failure. Store status, Anthropic error type, message, request ID, model ID, endpoint, timestamp, and a redacted request body.
- Classify the condition. Decide whether it is a client payload problem, account state, endpoint configuration, model lifecycle issue, or transient provider condition.
- Check account and headers for 429. Distinguish temporary throttling from a usage-tier or workspace spending cap before changing retry counts.
- Diff 400 payloads. Pay special attention to prefill, thinking blocks, thinking mode, and sampling parameters that newer models restrict.
- Measure bytes for 413. Compare the encoded body with the limit for the exact operation and platform.
- Apply bounded retries. Use backoff and jitter for eligible 429, 500, 504, and 529 responses; stream long requests where a 504 is possible.
- Check lifecycle and routing. For model-not-found or sudden post-change failures, verify lifecycle status. For Bedrock, verify profile routing, region, endpoint type, and the 20 MB ceiling.
This sequence prevents the most expensive operational mistake: spending time tuning retries when the real cause is a billing cap, unsupported parameter, oversized body, invalid route, or retired model.
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