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Outbyte Driver Updater FREEFix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Outbyte PC Repair FREERepair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Yes. Seawater can be used to make hydrogen by electrolysis, and researchers are developing ways to do it directly. But salt and other impurities complicate the process: they can trigger unwanted reactions, corrode equipment and shorten component life. Another route is to desalinate or purify seawater first, then use a conventional electrolyzer. A 2025 European Commission Joint Research Centre review found no demonstrated general advantage for direct electrolysis over that established sequence in the evidence it assessed.
How electrolysis makes hydrogen
An electrolyzer uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen forms at the cathode; oxygen is intended to form at the anode. The U.S. Department of Energy explains that the electricity source affects the cost, efficiency and emissions of hydrogen produced by electrolysis. Using seawater therefore does not, by itself, make the resulting hydrogen low-carbon: that depends substantially on the power supply and on what emissions the assessment includes.
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There are two ways to use seawater in this process. The difference is whether the water is treated before it enters the electrolyzer.
Direct seawater electrolysis
Seawater enters the electrolysis system without first being desalinated into purified feedwater. This avoids a separate desalination step, but exposes the cell and its materials to chloride and other seawater constituents.
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Desalination followed by conventional electrolysis
Seawater is desalinated or otherwise purified first, and the treated water then feeds a conventional electrolyzer. Treatment requires equipment and energy, but reduces the impurities the electrolyzer must handle. These are different system designs; comparing only the electrolyzer while ignoring water treatment can miss part of the energy and equipment picture.
Why direct electrolysis is difficult
Chloride competes with oxygen production
At the anode, chloride ions can take part in chlorine-related reactions that compete with the desired oxygen evolution reaction. The system must favor oxygen production while controlling unwanted products. That is a selectivity challenge as well as a byproduct-management concern, described in a 2024 review of seawater electrolysis catalysts.
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Seawater can damage or obstruct the cell
Chloride and other constituents can contribute to corrosion and catalyst degradation. Minerals may deposit on surfaces, while impurities can foul membranes or other cell components. These effects make long-term stability important: a catalyst that performs well briefly in a laboratory does not, by itself, show that a complete system can run durably or safely.
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Purity and system design matter
Hydrogen quality, cell configuration and the management of reaction byproducts all affect whether a process is practical. A promising material result is only one part of a working electrolyzer; the assembled system must also sustain operation and manage impurities. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory discusses seawater-related challenges in its report on marine energy, and the European Commission Joint Research Centre review emphasizes the need for selective catalysts and stable devices.
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How the two routes compare
| Consideration | Direct seawater electrolysis | Purification then electrolysis |
|---|---|---|
| Water treatment and equipment | A separate desalination step may be avoided, but the electrolysis system must handle seawater constituents. | Requires desalination or other purification equipment before electrolysis. |
| Chloride and other impurities | The cell is exposed to chloride and other seawater constituents. | Pretreatment reduces the impurity burden on the electrolyzer. |
| Durability | Must limit corrosion, catalyst degradation, fouling and mineral deposition under seawater exposure. | Purification reduces the electrolyzer’s exposure to impurities; the treatment system adds its own equipment. |
| Energy and complexity | Avoiding a separate desalination step does not establish lower total energy use or system complexity. | Water treatment adds energy use and equipment, which must be assessed alongside the electrolyzer. |
| Hydrogen purity and byproducts | Requires control of competing chloride reactions and attention to hydrogen quality. | Water treatment reduces feedwater impurities, but the complete process still needs appropriate product and system controls. |
| Demonstrated comparative advantage | The JRC review dated January 20, 2025, found no research or industrial project demonstrating clear general benefits over the indirect route in the evidence it reviewed. | The JRC review treats purification followed by electrolysis as the comparison route; it does not establish that this sequence is superior in every application. |
What researchers are trying
Research is exploring several ways to reduce the problems caused by seawater constituents:
- Catalysts designed to favor oxygen evolution over chlorine-related reactions.
- Corrosion-resistant electrode materials and protective or chloride-blocking layers.
- Membrane and cell configurations that better manage or exclude impurities.
- System designs that tolerate or remove accumulated contaminants.
These are active research directions, not proof of a mature solution that works across devices and operating conditions. Performance claims need to be read in the context of the specific catalyst, electrolyte, cell design, operating duration and scale tested. A result from a laboratory cell does not establish commercial durability, safety or economics.
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Is direct seawater electrolysis ready to replace desalination?
Not on the evidence summarized by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Its literature review, published January 20, 2025, found no research or industrial project demonstrating clear benefits of direct seawater electrolysis over indirect seawater electrolysis. The review allows that direct electrolysis may be viable for specific applications; it does not establish a general advantage. This is a finding about the evidence assessed in that review, not a claim that no later demonstration exists.
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For a real project, the relevant comparison is between complete systems: pretreatment, electrolyzer, electricity supply, operating life, product quality and byproduct management. Avoiding a desalination unit is not enough to show that direct operation uses less energy, costs less or lasts longer overall.
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What determines whether the hydrogen is low-carbon?
The source water is only one part of the picture. Electrolysis consumes electricity, so its emissions depend substantially on how that electricity is generated. A low-carbon claim should therefore identify the power supply and the emissions boundary being used, rather than infer environmental performance from the fact that the feedstock was seawater.
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