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The answer depends on what “entirely” and “affordable” mean. U.S. design, assembly in the United States, or a device containing some U.S.-made components does not establish that its full supply chain is domestic.
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What does “entirely in the United States” mean?
Electronics are made through a chain of activities, not one operation. A finished device may involve design, raw materials, specialized production equipment, semiconductor fabrication and packaging, component manufacturing, assembly, testing, and shipping. A company can perform one or several of those steps in the United States while relying on foreign suppliers for others.
That makes “made in the USA” an imprecise description unless the specific domestic work is clear. Domestic design is not domestic manufacturing. Domestic final assembly does not establish where the chips, displays, batteries, circuit boards, or production inputs came from. And a U.S.-made chip in an otherwise imported device does not make the whole supply chain domestic.
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For this question, the strictest interpretation is that the finished product and the inputs needed to make it are produced domestically. That is substantially more demanding than relocating final assembly. A less strict approach might bring only selected production stages or critical inputs to the United States, while continuing to buy other parts from abroad.
Would fully U.S.-made electronics cost more?
The most directly relevant current estimate comes from CTA’s October 2026 study with Kearney. It modeled full domestic production of ten popular consumer technology product categories and estimated production costs would be 41–152% higher. The range reflects the study’s modeled products; it is not a single premium that applies to every device.
CTA says the estimate includes the expense of establishing sufficient domestic capacity, including infrastructure and facilities, energy, and workforce. In other words, the calculation considers not just the labor and materials for an individual unit, but also the capacity needed to produce at scale. The public summary does not provide a complete product-by-product cost matrix, so it cannot support a precise estimate for a particular laptop, phone, or other device.
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Neither figure is a retail-price forecast. Production cost is one input into a product’s final price; the study’s stated percentages do not tell a shopper exactly what a product would cost in stores. The available summary also does not establish how any individual manufacturer would distribute higher costs among its margins, suppliers, customers, or other parts of its business.
How do the main manufacturing choices compare?
The trade-off is not simply “domestic” versus “foreign.” Companies can choose how much of the supply chain to locate in the United States, and each choice has different implications for cost, capacity, and domestic production.
| Approach | What it means | Cost evidence | What it does not establish |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full domestic production | Produce the product and its inputs domestically to the extent required by a strict all-U.S. definition. | CTA/Kearney modeled production costs 41–152% higher across ten consumer technology categories in October 2026. The model includes the cost of establishing capacity. | The range is not a retail-price forecast or a product-specific estimate. |
| Partial reshoring or U.S. final assembly | Move selected stages, such as final assembly, to the United States while sourcing some components elsewhere. | CTA/Kearney’s October 2026 announcement says modeled cost increases could reach up to 67%; it does not give one increase for every configuration. | Domestic assembly does not show that parts or materials are U.S.-made. |
| Global sourcing | Buy components and production inputs from suppliers in multiple countries, with assembly placed where the company chooses. | The supplied CTA summary does not state a comparable cost figure for this approach. | Global sourcing does not, by itself, specify the product’s price, resilience, or domestic value added. |
The table is not a ranking for every product. The cost of a particular strategy depends on the device, the amount of domestic capacity required, component availability, and the production scale a company can sustain. CTA’s public summary does not give enough product-level detail to calculate those differences for individual categories.
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Factories are only one part of the cost
A domestic production line needs more than a building. Companies need suitable equipment, energy, trained workers, suppliers, and enough production throughput to make the investment useful. CTA’s modeling explicitly included the expense of establishing sufficient capacity, including facilities and infrastructure, energy, and workforce. A factory announcement alone therefore does not settle whether production can be cost-competitive or whether the rest of the supply chain is available nearby.
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Electronics depend on layers of suppliers
Semiconductors illustrate why a finished product cannot be made domestic simply by adding a chip factory. Producing chips depends on materials, specialized equipment, and components that themselves come through multiple supplier layers. The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) says that bringing every material and equipment input onshore is not practical or economic. It identifies selected critical inputs as potential candidates for additional U.S. capacity, rather than claiming that every input should or could be made domestically.
This is SIA’s industry assessment, not an independent cost study. Its central implication is still important: domestic capacity for one stage does not make all stages domestic. A chip made in the United States may still rely on inputs or equipment sourced internationally, and producing a chip domestically does not establish that the rest of an electronic device is domestic.
Scale and supplier depth take time
A company seeking a complete U.S. supply chain would need to find or build capacity across multiple stages, then match those stages to the required product volumes and specifications. The evidence here does not provide a universal timetable for that process. It does show why announced projects should not be mistaken for immediate availability: facilities must still be built, expanded, or modernized before they can contribute production.
What do U.S. semiconductor investments show?
There is substantial activity aimed at expanding semiconductor capacity, but the investment figures describe projects and announcements—not a tally of chips currently produced in the United States.
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- Federally supported projects: The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that, as of July 2025, the Commerce Department had awarded $30.9 billion across 40 semiconductor facility projects involving 19 companies. Those projects cover construction, expansion, or modernization. GAO reported that companies expected to complete them by 2033; that is an expectation, not a guarantee that every project will finish on schedule.
- Industry-tracked activity: SIA’s tracker, updated September 22, 2026, counted more than 160 semiconductor ecosystem projects across 30 states and over $828 billion in announced private investments since 2020. These are announced and tracked investments, not verified spending totals or evidence that the projects are complete and producing at full capacity.
The two figures describe different sets of activity and should not be added together as though they measure the same thing. GAO reports federally awarded support for specified facility projects at a dated point in time. SIA tracks a broader set of industry projects and announced private investment. Neither number shows that all semiconductor types, packaging steps, materials, equipment, or other electronics components are already available from domestic suppliers.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What is the most viable path toward more U.S.-made electronics?
CTA’s proposed alternative to producing every component domestically is selective U.S. final assembly supported by imported components and sourcing from allied countries. That approach can increase the amount of work performed in the United States without requiring a company to recreate every supplier and production stage domestically. It is a different goal from making an entire product and its inputs in the United States.
For businesses and policymakers, the practical decision is which stages are worth locating domestically, rather than whether to move the whole chain at once. Relevant considerations include the product’s production cost, the capacity and facilities needed, energy and workforce requirements, the availability and origin of components and materials, time to reach production, and how much value is added in the United States. A decision to reshore one stage may make sense without making an all-domestic product affordable.
CTA Executive Board Chair Gary Shapiro described the purpose of the study this way: “As policymakers across the political spectrum push for more U.S. manufacturing, this study provides new data on what it would cost to actually produce popular technology products in the United States.” The statement accompanies the CTA/Kearney modeling; it does not turn the modeled figures into a guarantee about future prices or costs for every product.
How should consumers interpret “U.S.-made” claims?
For a buyer, the key question is what the claim says about the product rather than whether the company has U.S. factories or announced U.S. investments. Look for a clear description of which production steps occur domestically and whether the claim refers to assembly, components, or the full product. The evidence in the CTA study does not verify the domestic content of any specific company’s device.
- A product assembled in the United States may still use imported components.
- A company’s announced manufacturing investment is not proof that a facility is already operating or supplying a particular device.
- More semiconductor capacity does not mean that every chip type and every upstream input is domestically available.
- A modeled production-cost premium does not tell you the retail price of a particular product.
Those distinctions matter because “made in the USA” can refer to very different amounts of domestic work. Without product-specific information about sourcing and manufacturing, the label alone cannot answer whether the entire supply chain is domestic.
So, can companies build affordable electronics entirely in the United States?
Companies can build some electronics domestically, and U.S. semiconductor capacity is being expanded. But the available evidence does not establish that complex consumer electronics can be made entirely in the United States at globally competitive prices. CTA/Kearney’s modeled 41–152% increase in production costs for full domestic production indicates a substantial cost challenge across the ten categories it studied, while its partial-reshoring estimate and proposed assembly-plus-imports approach point to a less comprehensive alternative.
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There is no universal affordability threshold in the cited evidence. The answer changes with the product, production scale, domestic-content definition, time horizon, and costs included. For now, a domestic assembly strategy backed by globally sourced or allied-country components is distinct from an all-domestic supply chain—and the two should not be described as the same achievement.
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