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What does steam methane reforming of biogas involve?
Biogas from anaerobic digestion or landfill gas typically contains methane and carbon dioxide. In SMR, methane reacts with steam to produce hydrogen-rich gas; a water-gas shift step can convert carbon monoxide and additional steam into more hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The resulting hydrogen must then be separated, treated to meet its intended specification, and, if required, compressed.
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A reformer may be designed to accept raw biogas directly, or it may use upgraded biomethane, which has a higher methane concentration. Direct use can avoid a separate upgrading step, but the plant must be designed for the actual gas composition and contaminants. The choice affects process integration, equipment needs, and how variable feed gas is managed.
What is the global market size and forecast?
The reviewed IEA outlooks and European project records do not establish a global market value, installed capacity, hydrogen output total, or forecast for the specific route of producing hydrogen by SMR of biogas. A figure for all hydrogen, all biogas, or all biomethane would describe a different market and cannot be used as a proxy.
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The broader gas-sector indicators below show the context in which biogas-to-hydrogen projects are being considered. None measures sales or production of hydrogen from biogas-SMR.
| Indicator | Reported value | What it measures |
|---|---|---|
| Combined biogas and biomethane production | Projected to increase 23% from 2025 to 2030 in the IEA’s Renewables 2025 main case | Global production of the two gases together, not hydrogen output |
| Germany’s combined biogas and biomethane production | 329 PJ in 2024, according to the IEA’s 2025 analysis | National biogas and biomethane production, not a hydrogen market total |
| Sustainable biogas potential by region | 80% is in emerging market and developing economies, according to the IEA’s 2025 outlook | Estimated resource potential, not built capacity or production |
| Biomethane potential at or below prevailing wholesale natural-gas prices | Around 45 bcm-equivalent, in the IEA’s 2025 key findings | Potential gas supply at the stated cost condition, not hydrogen market value or volume |
The IEA identifies Germany as the largest biogas and biomethane market, with France, Italy, and Denmark among faster-growing markets. It also reports that industry stakeholders are considering biomethane as a feedstock for low-emissions hydrogen and methanol. These are signals of sector activity and interest; they do not quantify demand for biogas-SMR hydrogen.
What is the technology status?
Official project records document engineering and demonstration work, including direct-biogas systems and membrane-enhanced process concepts. Project targets and design specifications indicate what a project intends to build or demonstrate; they do not establish routine commercial performance, broad availability, or market share.
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CARMA-H2: membrane-enhanced reforming concept
The EU-funded CARMA-H2 project describes a protonic membrane reformer intended for a demonstration at a wastewater treatment plant in Navarra, Spain. Its single-stage concept integrates steam methane reforming, water-gas shift, hydrogen separation, heat management, carbon-dioxide capture, and compression. The project sets targets of greater than 85% efficiency on an HHV basis at the bioPMR level and hydrogen delivery at 30 bar. Those are project targets, not independently verified commercial operating results.
BIOROBURplus: direct-biogas processor
The Clean Hydrogen Partnership describes BIOROBURplus as developing a pre-commercial direct-biogas fuel processor. Its design specification is 50 Nm3/h (107 kg/day) of hydrogen at 99.9% purity for different biogas types. These are project specifications, not evidence that processors at this capacity are generally available or operating commercially.
A European Commission CORDIS results article describes development of a direct-biogas oxidative steam reformer. Project coordinator Debora Fino characterized the project as delivering an “advanced direct biogas fuel processor for robust and cost-effective decentralised hydrogen production.” Fino also called for regulatory support and subsidies comparable to those supporting water electrolysis. These are attributed project-perspective statements, not independent verification of cost or competitiveness.
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BIOROBUR and BioH2Ref: related evidence
The Clean Hydrogen Partnership’s BIOROBUR record describes an autothermal reforming route, rather than a like-for-like SMR system. Project materials describe design aims related to variable biogas composition, coking resistance, heat management, and process control; they do not establish that autothermal reforming is superior in every application.
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Which process choices shape a project?
There is no like-for-like commercial performance comparison established by the cited records. A meaningful assessment of actual proposals should compare the same system boundaries and operating conditions, including:
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- Feed gas: raw biogas versus upgraded biomethane, including methane concentration, contaminants, and expected variability.
- Reformer architecture: conventional steam reforming, autothermal reforming, or a membrane-enhanced design; the integration choices and project objectives differ.
- Operation: tolerance to changes in gas composition, coking control, heat integration, and the energy required for steam and process heat.
- Hydrogen product: purity, recovery, delivery pressure, and the additional treatment or compression required by the offtaker.
- Carbon management: whether carbon dioxide is separated, captured, used, stored, or released, and what emissions are included in the accounting.
- Project scale and integration: fit with the biogas plant, local utilities, hydrogen demand, and transport or storage arrangements.
- Evidence level: distinguish targets and design specifications from measured demonstration results and sustained commercial operation.
Does biogas-derived hydrogen have lower emissions?
It cannot be assigned a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative label on the basis of biogenic feedstock alone. A lifecycle claim needs a stated method and project-specific evidence covering the feedstock, methane leakage, process heat and electricity, carbon-dioxide handling, and other relevant parts of the supply chain. The cited sources do not provide a route-specific lifecycle emissions factor for hydrogen made by biogas-SMR.
The IEA’s Global Hydrogen Review 2024 reports 10–12 kg CO2-equivalent per kg of hydrogen for unabated hydrogen from natural-gas SMR. That figure is not a factor for biogas-derived hydrogen. The IEA also cautions that upstream and midstream emissions need attention alongside capture at the production site.
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What the market evidence means for project decisions
For developers, buyers, and investors, the most defensible reading is that biogas and biomethane supply is receiving wider attention, while biogas-to-hydrogen reforming remains visible mainly through project-level development in the sources reviewed. A rising feedstock sector does not by itself prove that a reformer is commercially available, cost-competitive, or suited to a particular site.
Evaluate a proposal against its stated feed gas, system boundary, hydrogen specification, operating evidence, carbon accounting, and offtake conditions. Treat a project’s target capacity, efficiency, pressure, and purity as targets or specifications unless operating data establish otherwise. That distinction is essential when comparing the technology with electrolysis or other hydrogen pathways.
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