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Freedom251 › Blog › AI-generated code

Best Settings for Running AI-Generated Code in Containers

By Freedom251 Team · · 12 min read

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Run AI-generated code as untrusted input. The safest practical baseline is a disposable, rootless container that uses a dedicated non-root UID, Docker’s default seccomp profile, no privileged mode, no unnecessary Linux capabilities, narrowly scoped mounts, no Docker socket, and deny-by-default network access. Add strict CPU, memory, process, storage, and time limits; capture only the artifacts you need; then destroy the container and its temporary credentials. Because containers share the host kernel, move hostile, high-value, or privilege-hungry workloads into a microVM instead.

Why AI-generated code needs a hostile-code threat model

A coding model can produce useful application logic, but generated output is still untrusted software. It may contain an accidental destructive command, an unsafe dependency, a vulnerable build script, prompt-injected instructions from a repository, or code that intentionally searches for credentials and adjacent systems. Familiarity with the model, repository, or developer who requested the code does not change the execution risk.

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The relevant question is not whether the code looks reasonable in a review window. It is what the process could reach if it were malicious, compromised, or simply wrong. Your controls should limit four things independently:

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  • Host access: files, devices, kernel interfaces, and container-management APIs.
  • Network reach: package registries, source hosts, internal services, cloud control planes, and the public internet.
  • Execution capacity: CPU, memory, process count, disk consumption, and runtime duration.
  • Persistence: writable layers, credentials, logs, caches, and artifacts that survive the run.

A container is a useful blast-radius reduction, not an absolute security boundary. Linux namespaces and cgroups isolate many resources, but the container still shares the host kernel. The UK National Cyber Security Centre describes the container boundary as “considerably less simple and less robust” than the boundary between a virtual machine and its host. That distinction should determine where you run code that handles valuable data or needs unusual privileges.

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Container or microVM: choose the boundary first

Use a hardened container for routine, low-consequence builds and tests when you can keep the workspace and network narrow. Use a microVM when a host escape would be unacceptable, when the code is deliberately hostile, when secrets are sensitive, or when the workload would otherwise require broad privileges.

Decision factor Hardened container MicroVM
Host isolation Shares the host kernel; isolation depends on namespaces, cgroups, and kernel configuration. Adds a virtual-machine boundary with a separate guest kernel and hypervisor layer.
Tool compatibility Usually fastest to integrate with an existing developer toolchain and containerized build. Can require additional integration for files, devices, debugging, or nested tooling.
Network and credentials Must be enforced with container and host network policy; accidental mounts can defeat the design. Can place network, workspace, and credential handling behind separate policy layers.
Startup and operations Normally lower startup overhead and simpler lifecycle management. More operational complexity and typically more startup overhead in exchange for a stronger boundary.
Best fit Untrusted but bounded code with no need for privileged access and no access to high-value secrets. Hostile code, sensitive credentials, high-value hosts or data, or software that would need privileged access.

MicroVM-based AI sandbox designs can separate the hypervisor, network, workspace, and credential-proxy layers. That architecture is useful when an agent must perform realistic work but should not receive raw host credentials or a direct path to production systems.

The hardened container baseline

Run as a non-root UID

Create a dedicated user for the workload and make that user the container’s default process identity. A process running as UID 0 inside a container has more leverage if another control fails, especially when the image or runtime configuration grants additional access.

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Rootless Docker goes further by running the Docker daemon and containers without root privileges inside a user namespace. Docker describes rootless mode as a way to mitigate potential vulnerabilities in the daemon and container runtime. Use it where your storage drivers, networking requirements, and orchestration environment support it. Rootless operation does not replace a non-root UID inside the container; use both layers.

Do not solve permission errors by switching the agent to root. Instead, set ownership of the dedicated workspace during image creation or initialization, and keep the runtime user fixed.

Keep Docker’s default seccomp profile

Seccomp filters Linux system calls. Docker’s default profile is a moderately protective allowlist that blocks around 44 system calls out of more than 300. Docker calls seccomp instrumental to least-privilege container operation and does not recommend changing the default profile without a specific requirement.

Do not disable seccomp to make a build pass. First identify the exact operation that failed, determine whether it is genuinely required, and assess whether the workload belongs in a microVM instead. A custom profile should be narrower than the default, reviewed as code, and tested against the exact image and runtime version.

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Drop capabilities and reject privileged mode

Linux capabilities divide superuser powers into smaller permissions. Start by dropping every capability, then add back only one that the workload demonstrably needs. A compiler, test runner, or ordinary web application generally should not need capabilities that alter networking, load kernel modules, change system clocks, or administer other processes.

Never use --privileged as a troubleshooting shortcut. Kubernetes documentation warns that privileged containers receive all capabilities and can bypass important restrictions. If a tool genuinely requires a capability, document the specific operation, grant the smallest matching capability, and reassess whether a microVM is the safer execution environment.

Make the filesystem deliberately boring

Mount only a dedicated workspace. Prefer read-only mounts for source material and use a disposable writable layer or temporary volume for build output, package caches, and test artifacts.

  • Do not mount the host root directory or broad home-directory paths.
  • Never mount the host Docker socket. Access to that socket can allow a process to control the container engine and, indirectly, the host.
  • Do not expose SSH keys, cloud credential directories, signing keys, password stores, or unrelated project folders.
  • Use a read-only root filesystem where the application permits it, then provide explicit temporary paths such as a build directory.
  • Export only reviewed artifacts after the run. Treat generated patches, binaries, and logs as untrusted until scanned and reviewed.

A narrow bind mount should point to a purpose-created directory, not a parent directory containing other repositories or personal files. If the agent needs a dependency cache, make it a separate disposable volume with no sensitive contents.

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Start with no network

Network access is an exfiltration path, a supply-chain path, and a way for runaway code to attack adjacent systems. Start the container with networking disabled. If a build requires downloads, add only the egress that the build needs, such as a specific package registry or API endpoint, and keep the agent away from production networks.

Allowlisting is stronger than a broad “internet enabled” switch. Define the destinations, protocols, ports, and time window; log requests; and fail closed when a destination is not on the list. Separate package fetching from code execution when practical: resolve and verify dependencies in a controlled step, then run tests with no network.

Network isolation should come before fine-grained kernel tuning. Kubernetes guidance treats network isolation as a foundational control because a compromised process can otherwise use permitted kernel features to reach services that were never part of the task.

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Set resource and time limits

AI-generated code can fork endlessly, allocate memory until the host swaps, fill a filesystem, or compile indefinitely. Enforce all of the following:

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  • Memory: a hard ceiling with an explicit failure policy.
  • CPU: a quota or limited number of CPUs so one run cannot starve other workloads.
  • Processes: a PID limit to contain fork bombs and process storms.
  • Disk: bounded writable storage for source copies, package caches, logs, and build outputs.
  • Wall-clock time: an outer timeout that terminates the container even if the process ignores its own test timeout.

There is no universal safe number for these limits. Tune them from measurements of the real project, then leave headroom for normal peaks. Record which limit ended a run so a timeout is distinguishable from an application failure.

Destroy the execution environment

Use a new container for each task or trust boundary. At completion, collect the minimum required logs and artifacts outside the sandbox, revoke temporary credentials, remove the container, and delete writable layers and temporary volumes. Do not reuse a workspace merely because the next task comes from the same repository; generated files, caches, and hidden state can influence later runs.

Teardown must also cover failed and interrupted jobs. Put cleanup in the supervisor rather than relying on the generated process to exit cleanly. Keep host-side logs of the image identity, policy, start and stop times, resource-limit events, and network decisions without copying secrets into those logs.

A practical run procedure

The following sequence is designed for a disposable Docker-style runtime. Adapt flag names to your orchestrator, but preserve the policy: non-root identity, default seccomp, no privilege, no capabilities, read-only inputs, temporary writes, no socket, restricted network, resource ceilings, and automatic deletion.

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  1. Prepare an isolated workspace. Copy only the repository or files needed for this task into a new directory owned by the dedicated container UID. Remove credentials, editor metadata, local environment files, and unrelated repositories.
  2. Review the build definition. Inspect the Dockerfile, package manifests, install scripts, test hooks, and generated shell commands before building. Reject unexpected downloads, privilege changes, device access, or host-path references.
  3. Pin the image. Use a reviewed base image tag or, preferably, an image digest. Record the exact digest used for the run.
  4. Verify image integrity. Verify signatures or other integrity metadata where available, and scan the image and dependency set before execution. NCSC guidance calls for encryption and integrity checking when images are fetched.
  5. Build in a controlled phase. If dependencies must be downloaded, perform that operation with an explicit, allowlisted network policy. Keep the resulting cache separate from the runtime workspace.
  6. Launch with least privilege. Set the dedicated non-root UID, retain the default seccomp profile, drop all capabilities, avoid privileged mode, and make the root filesystem and source mounts read-only wherever possible.
  7. Attach only temporary writable storage. Provide a bounded temporary directory for compiler output, test databases, and caches. Do not map host home directories, the Docker socket, SSH material, or cloud credential paths.
  8. Apply network policy. Use no network for tests that do not need it. For required access, allowlist the exact registry or API destinations and keep production subnets unreachable.
  9. Apply limits and a supervisor timeout. Enforce memory, CPU, PID, disk, and wall-clock ceilings before starting the agent. Ensure the supervisor can terminate the entire process tree.
  10. Capture and inspect results. Export logs, test reports, and requested artifacts to a separate review area. Treat every artifact as untrusted until scanned and checked for secrets or unexpected executables.
  11. Teardown unconditionally. Revoke temporary tokens, stop the container, remove it, delete temporary volumes and writable layers, and record the final status and limit events.

A representative command shape is:

docker run --rm --read-only --user 10001:10001 --cap-drop=ALL --network none --pids-limit 256 --memory 2g --cpus 2 --tmpfs /tmp:rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev image-digest command

Every value in that example is illustrative rather than a universal recommendation. Set the UID, PID, memory, CPU, and temporary-storage sizes from the project’s measured requirements. Add a narrowly scoped read-only workspace mount only when needed, and replace --network none with an allowlisted network design only for a documented dependency or API requirement. Keep Docker’s default seccomp profile by not overriding it.

Handling dependencies and generated Dockerfiles

Generated Dockerfiles deserve the same scrutiny as generated application code. Check the base image, package sources, install commands, shell expansions, copied files, exposed ports, user declaration, and final entrypoint. A Dockerfile that adds a compiler or package manager is not automatically unsafe, but an unexplained remote script piped to a shell, a broad copy instruction, or a late switch back to root should stop the build for review.

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Pin dependencies where the ecosystem supports it and record lockfile changes. Verify checksums or signatures when available. Scan both the image and the dependency tree, but do not treat a clean scanner result as proof that the code is safe; scanners do not remove runtime powers or detect every malicious behavior.

Separate dependency resolution from execution when possible. A controlled resolver can fetch packages, verify them, and produce a cache or artifact. The subsequent test container can run without network access, reducing both exfiltration and time-of-use supply-chain risk.

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Credentials: avoid passing them to the agent

The strongest credential policy is not to provide credentials. Do not mount host credential directories or inject a developer’s long-lived tokens into an autonomous coding process.

If an operation genuinely requires authentication, use a short-lived, task-specific token with the smallest scope and an expiry aligned to the run. Prefer a broker or credential proxy that performs one approved operation without exposing the raw secret to the process. Restrict the network path to that proxy, audit requests, and revoke the token during teardown.

Keep credentials out of command-line arguments, environment dumps, build logs, crash reports, and exported artifacts. Remember that a process with access to its own environment can often print it, so environment variables are not a secret-management boundary by themselves.

Common mistakes and how to correct them

“The container is isolated, so I mounted the project parent directory”

A parent-directory mount can expose other repositories, configuration files, keys, and cached credentials. Create a task-specific workspace and mount only that path, preferably read-only.

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“The build failed, so I enabled privileged mode”

Privileged mode grants a broad set of capabilities and can bypass restrictions. Identify the failing operation, test whether the dependency can be replaced, and consider moving the entire workload to a microVM if the requirement is fundamental.

“The agent needs the Docker socket to build images”

The host socket is a control interface, not an ordinary file. Giving it to the agent can let it create containers, mount host paths, or otherwise control the engine. Use a separate, policy-enforced builder or a microVM-based build environment instead of exposing the host socket.

“The tests need the internet, so the container gets unrestricted egress”

Use an explicit allowlist for the package registries or APIs required by the test. Run the rest of the workflow with networking disabled, and block access to internal and production ranges.

“The image tag is pinned, so the supply chain is solved”

A mutable tag can change, and a pinned digest only identifies the bytes you selected. Review the image source, verify integrity metadata, scan dependencies, and inspect the Dockerfile and lockfiles before execution.

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“The process exited, so cleanup is complete”

Child processes, temporary volumes, caches, and credentials can survive a normal exit or a supervisor crash. Use an external lifecycle controller, enforce a timeout, and make teardown idempotent for success, failure, and interruption.

When a container is not enough

Escalate to a microVM when any of these conditions applies:

  • The code is intentionally adversarial, sourced from an unknown party, or designed to probe the sandbox.
  • The host contains high-value intellectual property, production credentials, signing keys, or sensitive personal data.
  • The workload needs privileged operations, device access, kernel features, or broad filesystem visibility.
  • Network policy cannot reliably prevent access to internal services.
  • You cannot guarantee a patched host kernel and trusted container runtime.
  • The cost of a host compromise is materially higher than the operational cost of a VM-style boundary.

A microVM is not permission to ignore least privilege. Keep the guest non-root, restrict its network, avoid unnecessary devices, use temporary credentials, set resource limits, and destroy the guest after the task. The stronger boundary complements, rather than replaces, careful policy.

Verification checklist before every run

  • Is the image identified by a reviewed digest or an explicitly reviewed immutable reference?
  • Was the Dockerfile, dependency manifest, lockfile, and install script inspected?
  • Does the process run as a dedicated non-root UID?
  • Is rootless Docker available and appropriate for this environment?
  • Is Docker’s default seccomp profile still active?
  • Are all capabilities dropped, with no privileged flag?
  • Are source mounts narrow and read-only, with no root, home-directory, SSH, cloud-credential, or Docker-socket mount?
  • Is the root filesystem read-only where feasible, with only bounded temporary writable storage?
  • Is networking disabled or limited to an explicit destination allowlist?
  • Are production networks and unrelated internal services unreachable?
  • Are memory, CPU, PID, disk, and wall-clock limits configured and monitored?
  • Are credentials absent, short-lived, scoped, brokered, and revoked at teardown?
  • Will the supervisor remove the container, temporary volumes, writable layers, and caches after any exit path?
  • Have exported logs and artifacts been checked for secrets and unexpected executables?

What to remember

The safest default for AI-generated code is a disposable, least-privilege container with no network and no host control. Rootless execution, a non-root UID, default seccomp, dropped capabilities, narrow read-only mounts, strict resource limits, and automatic teardown reduce the consequences of mistakes and attacks. The Docker socket, broad host mounts, unrestricted egress, and privileged mode can undo that work in one configuration change. Since containers share a kernel, choose a microVM whenever the code, credentials, data, or required privileges make a host escape unacceptable.

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AI-generated codecontainer isolationDevSecOpsDocker securitymicroVMrootless containersseccomp

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