Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder that can affect memory, thinking, language, behavior, and everyday independence. Persistent or concerning changes deserve a medical evaluation, but symptoms alone cannot confirm Alzheimer’s: clinicians assess a person’s history and thinking and may use tests to check for other causes. There is no cure. Some medicines may temporarily ease symptoms, while FDA-approved amyloid-targeting treatments are options for certain people in the early symptomatic stages and require careful medical assessment and monitoring.
What Alzheimer’s disease is
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration describes Alzheimer’s disease as “a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and language skills.” It is the most common cause of dementia, a term for changes in memory and other thinking abilities that interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s is progressive, though the symptoms and pace of change differ from person to person.
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The FDA reported that approximately 6.9 million people in the United States were living with Alzheimer’s in 2020, and described it as the seventh leading cause of death among U.S. adults. Those are 2020 figures reported in an FDA communication dated August 28, 2025—not estimates for 2026.
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What symptoms can look like
Early changes
Memory problems, particularly difficulty remembering recent events, are often among the first signs. A person may also have increasing trouble finding words, understanding visual information or spatial relationships, reasoning, or making judgments. One lapse or a single forgotten name does not establish Alzheimer’s; a pattern of persistent change is more concerning.
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Changes as the disease progresses
Over time, confusion, behavior changes, and difficulty managing everyday activities may become more pronounced. Alzheimer’s is often described in preclinical, mild, moderate, and severe stages. Biological changes may exist before noticeable symptoms, but their presence does not mean that every person will develop dementia.
Late-onset Alzheimer’s usually begins in a person’s mid-60s or later. Onset before age 65 is called early-onset Alzheimer’s; it can occur earlier in life but is rare. These are typical age patterns, not diagnostic rules. If you or someone close to you has ongoing difficulty remembering recent events or thinking clearly, talk with a doctor.
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How clinicians evaluate memory and thinking changes
There is no single simple test that explains every case. A clinician combines information about the person’s health and daily function with assessments of thinking and, when appropriate, medical tests. A family member or friend may be asked to describe changes they have noticed.
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What an evaluation may include
- Health and medication history: questions about overall health, medicines, diet, past medical problems, daily activities, and changes in behavior or personality.
- Thinking and function: assessments of memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and counting, as well as discussion of how the person manages daily activities.
- Physical or neurological examination: an examination to look for signs that may help explain the changes.
- Tests for other contributors: routine blood or urine tests and, when relevant, an evaluation for depression or other mental-health factors.
- Imaging or other specialized tests: depending on the case, a clinician may use CT, MRI, PET, or cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) tests.
The workup can help identify other explanations, including stroke, a tumor, Parkinson’s disease, sleep disturbance, medication effects, infection, or another form of dementia. Some alternative causes may be treatable or reversible, which is one reason not to assume that memory trouble is Alzheimer’s. A doctor may refer someone to a neurologist, geriatrician, geriatric psychiatrist, neuropsychologist, or memory clinic.
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What blood biomarker tests can—and cannot—show
Blood tests for beta-amyloid biomarkers are developing, and availability is limited. The National Institute on Aging notes that some doctors may order these tests, subject to state-specific availability and FDA guidance. A blood-test result alone should not be used to diagnose dementia; it is considered alongside a person’s symptoms and other tests. A consumer blood test is not, by itself, a definitive Alzheimer’s diagnosis.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Treatment options and what they aim to do
There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment choices depend on the person’s symptoms, disease stage, health, and goals. Medicines used to manage symptoms have a different purpose from amyloid-targeting medicines intended to slow progression in selected patients.
| Treatment group | Intended role and disease stage | Important limits or considerations |
|---|---|---|
| Cholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine | Used for cognitive and behavioral symptoms, principally in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. | May temporarily improve or stabilize some symptoms in some people; they do not stop the underlying disease. |
| Memantine | Used for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. | It is a symptom-management medicine, not a cure or a treatment that stops the disease. |
| Lecanemab (Leqembi) | An FDA-approved amyloid-targeting treatment for selected patients early in the disease. FDA labeling says to start in mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia and confirm amyloid pathology first. | Requires individualized assessment and monitoring for amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA); it is not suitable for every patient or stage. |
| Donanemab (Kisunla) | An FDA-approved amyloid-targeting treatment for selected patients early in the disease. | Suitability is individual, and potential benefit must be weighed against risks and monitoring demands, including ARIA. |
For either amyloid-targeting medicine, the clinician and patient need to weigh potential benefit against risk and the practical burden of follow-up. These medicines are not appropriate for everyone. Medication decisions should be made with the treating clinician, who can assess the patient’s situation and explain the expected benefits and risks.
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ARIA, or amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, can include brain swelling or fluid accumulation (ARIA-E) and small bleeds or iron deposits (ARIA-H). Serious and life-threatening events, including seizures and death, have been reported. An MRI monitoring plan is part of lecanemab treatment.
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In a communication dated August 28, 2025, the FDA recommended an additional MRI before the third lecanemab infusion, in addition to existing label monitoring before the fifth, seventh, and fourteenth infusions. Patients and caregivers should contact a health professional promptly for symptoms such as headache, confusion, dizziness, vision changes, nausea, difficulty walking, or seizures.
Behavioral symptoms and day-to-day support
Anxiety, agitation, depression, and sleep problems may need attention as Alzheimer’s changes. The National Institute on Aging describes both medication and non-drug approaches for behavioral symptoms. A clinician can help identify possible contributors and discuss options; comfort and avoiding stressful situations may also matter. Do not start or stop a medicine without discussing it with the treating clinician.
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