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About 2.3 million new cancer cases worldwide in 2024—roughly 12%, or one in eight—were attributable to infections, according to an IARC analysis published in 2026. The biggest contributor was Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), narrowly ahead of HPV: the estimates were about 760,000 and 750,000 cases, respectively.
Which infections cause the most cancers, and what types do they cause?
IARC’s estimates cover 12 infectious agents and use 2024 worldwide cancer-incidence estimates. The five leading agents account for almost all the infection-attributable cases in the analysis. The figures below are rounded population-level estimates, not exact counts.
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| Infection | Estimated cancers attributable to it in 2024 | Main cancer sites noted by IARC |
|---|---|---|
| H. pylori | About 760,000 | Mainly stomach cancer |
| HPV | About 750,000 | Predominantly cervical cancer; also anal, vulvar, vaginal and penile cancers, and some head and neck cancers |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | About 360,000 | Most often liver cancer |
| Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) | About 260,000 | Largely nasopharyngeal cancer; also some stomach cancers and Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | About 160,000 | Most often liver cancer |
H. pylori’s lead over HPV is small: the rounded estimates differ by about 10,000 cases. The ranking is specific to this analysis, not a measure of how dangerous either infection is to an individual.
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IARC applied population-attributable fractions to cancer incidence estimates. These model how many cases in a population are attributable to specified infections; they do not mean that infection inevitably leads to cancer or predict an individual’s outcome. The estimates are rounded and depend on the analysis’s data and included infection–cancer links.
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The study assessed 12 agents classified as Group 1 carcinogens by IARC’s Monographs Programme: H. pylori, HPV, HBV, HCV, EBV, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Schistosoma haematobium, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and HIV. IARC says this update includes additional infectious agents, 16 additional infection–cancer links, and expanded cancer types associated with known agents; it also includes recent evidence linking EBV with stomach cancer.
Why do other global estimates give a different share?
WHO’s cancer fact sheet says approximately 10% of cancers diagnosed globally in 2022 were attributed to carcinogenic infections. That is not a correction to IARC’s roughly 12% estimate: the figures use different data years, and IARC’s newer analysis includes additional links and cancer types. Treat each percentage as an estimate tied to its stated year and scope.
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Where is the infection-related cancer burden highest?
IARC identifies Eastern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, and South-East Asia as regions with high infection-attributable cancer burdens. More than three quarters of infection-related cancers occurred in low- and middle-income countries, according to IARC.
- Eastern Asia: The burden is particularly associated with H. pylori and HBV.
- Sub-Saharan Africa: HPV-related cancers contribute substantially, alongside burdens from HIV and KSHV.
Regional differences reflect infection prevalence, access to prevention and treatment, and wider social and economic conditions—not a single cause shared by every country.
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Which prevention measures are established?
IARC points to HPV and HBV vaccination; testing and treatment for H. pylori, HBV, HCV and HIV; HIV prevention and care; and screening for HPV-related cancers. WHO recommends HPV and hepatitis B vaccination for groups for whom vaccination is recommended, and identifies HPV testing as a preferred method for cervical cancer screening. Which vaccines, tests or screening schedule apply depends on clinical guidance and local recommendations.
These measures remain underused or inaccessible in many settings because of financial, political, social and health-system barriers. IARC describes vaccines against EBV, H. pylori and KSHV as areas for investment; it does not identify them as established available vaccines.
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Sources and estimate dates
- IARC press release: “Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2024: One in eight cancers worldwide linked to infections”, 28 September 2026.
- IARC Questions and Answers on the 2024 estimates, 28 September 2026.
- IARC study announcement for the worldwide incidence analysis, 29 September 2026.
- WHO cancer fact sheet, reporting the 2022 estimate.
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