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A Gemini API 429 RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED response means a limit or account condition was reached; it does not, by itself, tell you which one or whether the request was free. Check the quota for the project and model you actually use, classify the returned error, and retry only transient failures with bounded exponential backoff and jitter.
Why Gemini returns 429
Gemini limits can apply to requests per minute (RPM), input tokens per minute (TPM), and requests per day (RPD). A short burst can exceed RPM while a lower number of very large prompts can exceed input TPM. Sustained daily use can reach RPD. Which values apply depends on the model and project tier, so there is no single request-per-minute figure that applies to every Gemini API user. Google directs developers to AI Studio to view their active limits. Google’s rate-limits documentation also says RPD quotas reset at midnight Pacific time; experimental and preview models may have tighter limits.
Some tiers or billing histories may also be subject to spend-based rate limits evaluated over a rolling ten-minute window. Treat that dimension as account-specific and check the current AI Studio limit shown for your project rather than assuming it applies to all accounts.
Find the limit or account condition behind the response
- Verify the project. Confirm that the API key belongs to the intended Google Cloud or AI Studio project. Quota is project-scoped: multiple keys in the same project share its usage, so rotating keys within that project does not create a fresh quota pool.
- Inspect the active limits and usage. In AI Studio, check the project’s limits and usage for the model your application calls. Compare RPM, input TPM, RPD, and any spend-based dimension shown for that account.
- Read the HTTP status and error body. Do not treat every resource-exhaustion response as the same problem. Google’s error guidance distinguishes rate-limit exhaustion from daily quota exhaustion, depleted Prepay balance, and permission errors. Preserve enough response detail in your application logs to tell these cases apart.
- Choose the matching remedy. Reduce request frequency for RPM, reduce input token load for TPM, or wait for the applicable daily reset or request a limit increase when the error indicates daily quota exhaustion. A depleted Prepay balance is a 402: add funds before trying again. A 403 points to permissions or configuration, which must be corrected rather than retried.
For the rate-limit error, Google’s stated remedy is: “Wait and retry with exponential backoff.” That advice is not a remedy for insufficient Prepay funds or missing access.
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Retry only transient failures
Google recommends exponential backoff for retryable 429 and 503 responses. Its troubleshooting guidance also identifies 408 and 5xx responses as transient examples, and recommends a maximum retry count. Do not retry every exception: 400, 402, and 403 errors indicate invalid input, depleted Prepay credit, or permissions/configuration issues, respectively. See Google’s troubleshooting guidance.
Add randomness to the backoff so concurrent clients do not all retry together. Google’s guidance puts it plainly: “Add random ‘jitter’ to the delay to help prevent all clients from retrying at the exact same time.” Bound both the number of attempts and the maximum delay, and ensure the total retry period fits within the caller’s deadline. Retry only an operation that is safe for your application to repeat; Google’s guidance does not establish that surrounding application side effects are idempotent.
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Keep retries at the API-call boundary
In Spring, let the HTTP layer retain the response status and enough error-body information to map failures into application-level categories, then let the retry policy act on those categories. This is safer than wrapping a broad service method in a policy that retries any exception. Keep unrelated side effects outside the retry boundary, or make them idempotent, so a repeated API call does not duplicate application work.
Choose a Spring retry approach that matches your client and version
| Approach | When it fits | What to check |
|---|---|---|
RestClient |
Synchronous, fluent HTTP calls; configure status handling and put a bounded policy around the narrow Gemini invocation. | Use status handlers to preserve and classify 4xx/5xx responses. See the Spring Framework 6.2 REST client reference and Framework 7.0 REST client reference. |
WebClient |
Reactive, non-blocking HTTP calls; apply retry behavior in the reactive flow. | Keep the flow non-blocking and filter retries by status or parsed error category. See the Spring Framework 6.2 WebClient reference. |
Framework @Retryable |
Proxy-invoked methods where a declarative policy is convenient. | Core resilience annotations are documented in Framework 7.0, not the cited 6.2 REST-client reference. Configure exception inclusion/exclusion, retry count, delay, multiplier, maximum delay, and jitter; confirm the application’s resolved Framework version and proxy behavior. See Spring Framework 7.0 resilience. |
| Explicit programmatic policy | Cases where retryability depends on the Gemini error body, or where each request needs its own deadline. | Make classification, attempt limits, delay caps, jitter, and deadline handling explicit. Apply Google’s status-specific retry guidance. |
Framework 7.0 retry defaults are not a Gemini quota policy
Spring Framework 7.0 documents @Retryable defaults of at most three retry attempts after the initial invocation, with a one-second delay between attempts. If all attempts occur, that is up to four total invocations. The same documentation illustrates a configuration with four retries, an exponential multiplier of 2, a maximum delay of 1,000 ms, and 10 ms of jitter; those are example settings, not a recommended Gemini quota schedule.
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Does a 429 mean the request was free?
No such conclusion is established by the cited billing guidance. Google’s Gemini billing documentation says failed HTTP 400 or 500 requests are not charged for tokens, but still count against quota. It does not make the same explicit statement for 429. A 429 identifies a limit condition; it does not, on its own, establish whether a billable request occurred or what your eventual charge will be. Check AI Studio’s Usage and the billing view for the relevant project and account.
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