Selenium WebDriver drives the browser; JUnit or TestNG supplies the test lifecycle, assertions, and organization. Here are Java examples for both frameworks, including setup, a browser check, cleanup, dependencies, and how to run the tests.
What each part of a Selenium test does
A typical Java browser test creates a WebDriver session, navigates and performs actions, checks an observable result, then closes the session. WebDriver handles browser communication; the test framework handles the test method, pass/fail assertions, lifecycle hooks, and test execution. Selenium’s component guide explains the division of responsibilities.
The examples below use Selenium’s sample web form and ChromeDriver. They illustrate test structure; they are not a report of an independently executed test. Your machine or CI environment must have a compatible browser and driver setup.
JUnit Jupiter Selenium example
JUnit Jupiter uses @BeforeEach and @AfterEach to create and release a driver for each test. The test checks the page title, enters text, submits the form, and checks the response.
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import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
class SeleniumFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
void submitsWebForm() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
assertEquals("Web form", driver.getTitle());
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys("Selenium");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button")).click();
assertEquals("Received!", driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText());
}
@AfterEach
void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}The title assertion verifies navigation; the final assertion verifies the form outcome. Selectors and page content are tied to Selenium’s sample page, so replace them with locators and expected behavior from the application under test.
TestNG Selenium example
TestNG uses method-level lifecycle hooks and its own assertion class. alwaysRun = true on teardown is useful when cleanup should run even if a preceding test configuration step fails.
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import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class SeleniumFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
public void submitsWebForm() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Web form");
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys("Selenium");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button")).click();
Assert.assertEquals(driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText(), "Received!");
}
@AfterMethod(alwaysRun = true)
public void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}This is an adaptation of the Selenium browser-test pattern, not a Selenium-published TestNG class. Check annotation attributes and runner setup against the TestNG version selected for your project; the TestNG documentation covers lifecycle hooks and runner features.
Set up dependencies and run the test
Add Selenium and the relevant test framework to the project’s Maven or Gradle build, then use the build tool’s test task. Selenium’s library installation guide shows dependency configuration, and its Java examples guide describes running examples with Maven, including mvn test.
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- Choose a framework. Include JUnit Jupiter and its test engine for the JUnit class, or TestNG for the TestNG class. Do not include only Selenium and expect it to provide test annotations or assertions.
- Place the class where the build discovers tests. Follow the Maven or Gradle test-source conventions and ensure the chosen runner/engine is configured.
- Run the test task. For a Maven project configured for the class, run
mvn testfrom the project root. Use the corresponding Gradle test task if the project uses Gradle. - Check the test report and browser environment. A dependency declaration does not prove that a test ran; confirm the runner discovered the method and that the browser session started.
Dependency versions change. Selenium’s downloads page listed Java Selenium 4.49.0 as stable on September 9, 2026; verify the current release and choose framework versions compatible with the project rather than copying a version number blindly. Selenium downloads.
Lifecycle, isolation, and parallel execution
Use per-test drivers when isolation matters
A fresh browser session in each setup hook keeps cookies, local storage, and page state from leaking between test methods. Always call quit() in teardown to release the session, including after failures. Avoid placing cleanup only at the end of the test body: an assertion or browser exception could bypass it.
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JUnit lifecycle scope
JUnit Jupiter’s @BeforeEach and @AfterEach run around each test. The JUnit 5.0.2 guide says @BeforeAll and @AfterAll normally need to be static unless the per-class test-instance lifecycle is selected. That lifecycle detail is versioned documentation; consult the guide matching the JUnit version in your build. JUnit 5.0.2 User Guide.
TestNG data and parallel behavior
TestNG documents data providers for supplying multiple input sets and configuration for parallel execution. Parallel browser tests need separate driver instances per test or thread; sharing one mutable WebDriver can make navigation and assertions interfere. Configure concurrency deliberately and confirm the browser and test environment can support it. TestNG documentation.
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Choosing JUnit or TestNG
Neither framework is universally better for Selenium. Selenium’s Java guidance identifies both as runner choices, notes JUnit’s broad use, and points to TestNG’s parallel and parameterized-test capabilities. Compare the needs of the suite and the conventions already supported by the team’s build and IDE.
| Decision point | JUnit Jupiter | TestNG |
|---|---|---|
| Per-test lifecycle in these examples | @BeforeEach and @AfterEach |
@BeforeMethod and @AfterMethod |
| Assertions shown | JUnit Assertions.assertEquals |
TestNG Assert.assertEquals |
| Inputs and execution features covered by cited framework guidance | JUnit lifecycle and test-runner guidance | Data providers and parallel execution configuration |
| Best fit | When the project already uses JUnit conventions and its lifecycle is sufficient | When TestNG’s data-provider or parallel configuration fits existing suite needs |
Troubleshooting common failures
- No tests run: Confirm the test source location, class/method discovery conventions, and that the JUnit engine or TestNG runner is configured in the build.
- Browser fails to start: Check that Chrome is installed in the execution environment and that Selenium can provision or locate a compatible driver. Review the startup exception before changing test assertions.
- Driver process remains after a failure: Ensure teardown is recognized by the selected framework and calls
driver.quit(); retain the null check if setup can fail before assigning the field. - Element lookup fails: Verify the page loaded, that the test is on the expected page, and that the locator matches the current markup. The sample selectors apply to Selenium’s demonstration page, not arbitrary sites.
- TestNG annotations are not recognized: Verify the TestNG dependency and imports, then check the selected TestNG version’s annotation and runner configuration.
- Tests interfere during parallel runs: Do not share a WebDriver across concurrent methods. Use isolated sessions and tune parallelism to available browser resources.
Or skip the browser setup
For a screenshot rather than an interactive Selenium test, ScreenshotNeo provides a website screenshot API and MCP server. One GET request returns an image or PDF; this cURL example saves a WebP screenshot. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options.
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpScreenshotNeo accepts cookie and consent banners and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; each step can be disabled. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and response headers identify the page verdict and billing status. Its MCP server provides take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf for AI agents. The Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month without a card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. Create a free ScreenshotNeo account.
ScreenshotNeo captures pages; it does not replace Selenium when a test must click through an application and assert behavior.
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