Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsWebRTC live streaming follows three different workflows: peers exchange session details and connect interactively; a producer sends media to a streaming service through WHIP; or a viewer receives a stream through WHEP, which is still an Internet-Draft in the version described here. In all three, signaling helps the parties agree on a session, while ICE finds a network path for media. The main difference is who is sending media to whom—and whether the exchange is peer-to-peer, ingest, or playback.
How the three WebRTC workflows differ
WebRTC provides APIs and connection mechanisms, but it does not define one universal signaling service. The application or streaming system supplies the signaling and the session workflow. WHIP and WHEP use HTTP-based exchanges for specific broadcast roles; ordinary peer-to-peer WebRTC applications commonly use an application API or RPC channel to exchange session information.
| Workflow | Direction and purpose | Setup mechanism | Specification status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer WebRTC | Interactive connection between peers | Application-defined signaling for SDP and ICE; ICE uses configured connectivity services such as STUN or TURN | WebRTC APIs and Recommendation |
| WHIP | Producer or encoder to a media server, streaming service, or CDN | HTTP POST with an SDP offer; the endpoint returns an SDP answer, followed by ICE/DTLS setup and media transmission | IETF RFC 9725, Standards Track, published March 2025 |
| WHEP | Streaming service, CDN, or WebRTC Transmission Network to a viewer | HTTP-based viewer session using an SDP offer/answer exchange | Internet-Draft revision draft-ietf-wish-whep-04, published June 22, 2026; not a final RFC |
Peer-to-peer WebRTC: signaling, SDP, and ICE
A peer connection needs an offer/answer exchange and ICE connectivity checks. The signaling channel carries the information between applications; it is not itself the media connection. It can simply route SDP and candidate messages without interpreting the SDP.
- Create and send an offer. One peer creates an SDP offer and sends it to the other peer through an application web API, RPC channel, or another signaling mechanism chosen by the application.
- Apply the offer and return an answer. The receiving peer applies the remote description, creates an SDP answer, and sends that answer back over the signaling channel. The initiating peer applies the answer as its remote description.
- Exchange ICE candidates. Each peer sends discovered ICE candidates through signaling. Apply the other peer’s remote description before passing its candidates to the ICE layer with
addIceCandidate(). - Wait for connectivity, not just an answer. ICE evaluates possible network paths. Monitor the peer connection’s state; receiving an SDP answer alone does not prove that a usable media connection has been established.
What STUN, TURN, and trickle ICE do
- ICE gathers and checks possible network paths, then a compatible candidate pair is nominated for the connection.
- STUN is commonly used during connectivity establishment.
- TURN supplies a relay path when direct paths are unavailable. The actual path depends on the network conditions and the ICE services configured for the connection.
- Trickle ICE sends candidates as they are discovered instead of waiting for gathering to finish. The WebRTC guide describes this as a way to reduce connection setup delay.
Once a compatible pair is nominated and the secure media connection is established, media can flow. Signaling, candidate delivery, and media connectivity are related but distinct parts of the setup.
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Send a producer’s feed with WHIP
WHIP is the WebRTC-HTTP Ingestion Protocol defined by IETF RFC 9725. It is for a producer—such as an encoder or other media-producing client—to send a WebRTC feed to a WHIP endpoint exposed by a media server, streaming service, or CDN. It is not a general-purpose replacement for every application’s peer-to-peer signaling.
- Obtain the WHIP endpoint. The streaming service or infrastructure must provide a WHIP endpoint for the session. The protocol alone does not establish that a particular platform exposes one.
- POST the SDP offer. The client sends its SDP offer to the endpoint using HTTP POST.
- Apply the endpoint’s SDP answer. The endpoint responds successfully with an SDP answer. The client applies it and proceeds with ICE and DTLS connection establishment.
- Send media after connection setup. The client transmits media to the media server using RTP/RTCP protected with SRTP.
- Use PATCH for supported ICE updates. WHIP’s HTTP PATCH mechanism can carry ICE-related updates, including trickle ICE and ICE restarts.
WHIP’s negotiation boundary
WHIP deliberately limits what can change after initial negotiation: it does not support SDP renegotiation or changes to media sections after the session is established. Its PATCH mechanism is for ICE-related updates, not a way to renegotiate the media description. RFC 9725 recommends that WHIP sessions and clients support trickle ICE and ICE restarts. A WHIP endpoint may also provide STUN/TURN configuration in its successful response.
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Let a viewer watch through WHEP
WHEP, the WebRTC-HTTP Egress Protocol, describes the viewer side of a streaming workflow: a viewer establishes a WebRTC session with content served by a streaming service, CDN, or WebRTC Transmission Network. That makes it the egress counterpart to WHIP’s producer-to-service ingest role.
The retrieved revision is draft-ietf-wish-whep-04, published June 22, 2026, with an expiration date of December 24, 2026. It is an IETF Internet-Draft, not a finalized RFC. Its described workflow uses an HTTP-based, one-time SDP offer/answer exchange, with ICE-related updates carried through PATCH; it does not support SDP renegotiation after the initial exchange. Implementers should check the current document and the service’s implementation status rather than treating this draft as a final standard.
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Common setup problems and what to check
- You have an SDP answer but no working media connection. An answer is not proof of connectivity. Check the peer connection state and whether ICE can nominate a compatible candidate pair.
- Remote candidates appear not to take effect. Apply the remote SDP description before calling
addIceCandidate()for its candidates. - A direct network path is unavailable. The viable path depends on network conditions and configured ICE services. Check the STUN/TURN configuration; TURN provides relay connectivity when a direct path is not available.
- Setup waits for all candidates before proceeding. Trickle ICE can send candidates as they are discovered and may reduce setup delay, provided the application or protocol endpoint supports it.
- A WHIP or WHEP session needs a media-description change after setup. These workflows do not support SDP renegotiation after the initial exchange. The session flow must account for that limitation rather than expecting a later media-section change.
- A platform or server does not accept the workflow. WHIP requires a WHIP endpoint; WHEP requires an implementation of its viewer workflow. WebRTC support alone does not establish support for either HTTP protocol.
Where WebRTC workflows stop being the whole answer
These workflows explain session setup and media direction, not every part of a production streaming system. The specifications summarized here do not establish how a particular service handles forwarding, recording, transcoding, scaling, or latency. Those capabilities and their behavior must be verified with the specific server or provider.
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