Pacific women want more than a seat in climate meetings: they want their knowledge, priorities and proposals to shape the decisions that affect their lives. Climate hazards can intensify unequal care and domestic workloads and harm health, while women’s roles in communities and local economies give them important experience to contribute. Policy documents increasingly recognize gender equality, but that attention is not proof that women have equal influence or that plans are being delivered.
Why climate decisions affect women differently
Climate change and disasters can compound inequalities that already shape daily life. Water shortages, power cuts, disease, injuries and stress after hazards can add to unpaid care and domestic work—responsibilities women often carry disproportionately even before a disaster. UN Women’s 2025 Pacific Gender Outlook reports that women were more likely than men to say these workloads increased in the surveyed settings. It also reports disproportionate mental-health effects for women in the surveys it discusses, and greater physical-health effects for women in some countries, not all.
The country figures illustrate why it matters to ask who bears the costs of climate impacts. They are results from named country surveys, as reported in the 2025 outlook—not a single estimate for all Pacific women or proof that every change was caused by climate change.
| Survey and year | Reported increase in care work burden for women | Reported increase in care work burden for men | Reported increase in domestic work burden for women | Reported increase in domestic work burden for men |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tonga (2022), as reported by UN Women and partners in 2025 | 62% of people surveyed | 28% of people surveyed | 52% of people surveyed | 18% of people surveyed |
| Samoa (2023), as reported by UN Women and partners in 2025 | 54% of people surveyed | 22% of people surveyed | not stated in the 2025 outlook | not stated in the 2025 outlook |
| Kiribati (2024), as reported by UN Women and partners in 2025 | 56% of people surveyed | 20% of people surveyed | not stated in the 2025 outlook | not stated in the 2025 outlook |
Climate decisions also concern livelihoods and natural resources. The 2025 outlook connects changing coastal fisheries with women’s subsistence fishing and gleaning. It reports that the share of fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits in the Pacific ranges from 33% in the South-East to 84% in the East-Central area. That range describes fisheries sustainability, not women’s participation or influence in decisions.
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Being present is not the same as having influence
The Pacific Gender and Climate Change Toolkit defines meaningful participation by whether women’s viewpoints are considered and their skills, capacities, concerns and priorities inform decisions. Attendance alone does not meet that test. Influence can be judged by whether women shape plans, budgets and implementation—not simply whether they were invited to a meeting.
That distinction matters at both national and community levels. A climate plan can use gender-equality language without changing who sets priorities, controls resources or is accountable for results. And a local project can include women’s views in its design without establishing that every group of women has the same access or power.
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- Presence: Are women included in the decision space?
- Influence: Do their views alter the plan, budget or implementation?
- Representation: Which women and girls are heard, including Indigenous, young, rural, disabled and marginalized women?
- Accountability: Are there resources and indicators to show whether commitments are carried out?
Pacific climate plans increasingly mention gender equality
National climate plans show a shift in policy attention over successive rounds of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the plans countries submit under the Paris Agreement. UN Women’s 2025 outlook says the first round was mostly gender blind; it identifies Papua New Guinea as the only country assigning high priority to gender issues in that round. In the second round, Fiji and the Marshall Islands gave high priority to integrating gender across policies and systems.
For NDCs submitted by 1 October 2025, every plan in the outlook’s review referred to women, men, sex or gender and explicitly to gender equality. Most also included a stand-alone gender equality and social inclusion section. These are signs of greater policy recognition, not measurements of implementation or equal decision-making power. The outlook cautions that only time will show whether the plans deliver gender-responsive adaptation and mitigation.
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The outlook is a collaboration among the Pacific Community (SPC), UN Women and national statistics offices in Pacific countries and territories. Its evidence includes gender and environment surveys in Tonga (2022), Samoa (2023) and Kiribati (2024); those surveys do not provide identical coverage of every Pacific country or community. A UN Women-hosted 2021 overview, “Time to act on gender, climate change and disaster risk reduction,” also draws on evidence from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Vanuatu and Samoa.
How women can shape local climate choices
A 2020 United Nations feature offers dated examples of women taking different routes into climate action. They are illustrations, not evidence that all Pacific women share one experience or that one project represents the region.
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Market reconstruction in Rakiraki, Fiji
After surviving Cyclone Winston, Varanisese Maisamoa formed the Rakiraki Market Vendors Association in 2017 and represented it in the design of the reconstructed market. Following leadership training, she had a role in a decision with direct consequences for vendors. The rebuilt market included cyclone-resilient infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, flood-resistant drainage and gender-responsive design. Maisamoa described the goal as empowering vendors to be climate-resilient. The example shows one practical path from organizing to a voice in reconstruction planning.
Mangrove planting and youth advocacy
AnnMary Raduva, a Fijian student and climate activist, initiated six mangrove-planting activities and planted more than 18,000 seedlings from 2018, according to the United Nations feature published in 2020. Her account also points to a barrier: young women’s contributions can be dismissed on gendered grounds. That is evidence about her experience, not a measure of how frequently this happens across the Pacific.
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Fijian climate justice activist Komal Narayan put the equity issue this way in the same feature: “The effects of climate change are felt most acutely by the people who are least responsible for causing the problem.” Her statement captures why affected communities’ perspectives matter in decisions about adaptation and resilience.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What gender-responsive climate action requires
Moving from recognition to influence requires more than adding a paragraph about gender to a national plan. The 2025 outlook points to the importance of gender data for environmental decisions and planning, including Tonga’s use of gender data and gender-environment surveys. Data can help decision-makers see whose work, health and livelihoods are affected, but it must be paired with opportunities for women to set priorities and with follow-through on policy commitments.
- Use evidence that reflects lived conditions: Track how hazards affect unpaid work, health and livelihoods, while being clear about which places and groups the data cover.
- Make participation consequential: Involve women early enough to shape choices, and make clear how their input affects plans and budgets.
- Recognize different perspectives: Avoid treating women as a single group; representation should include people whose age, disability, location, Indigenous identity or economic position shapes their experience.
- Measure delivery as well as language: Assess whether plans have resources, indicators and accountability, rather than treating references to gender equality as proof of results.
In 2025, UN Women Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific Christine Arab described climate disruption as a chance to put women’s leadership at the heart of inclusive solutions. That guidance spans Asia and the Pacific; it is a broader policy lens, not Pacific-only evidence. The central test in any setting remains whether women’s priorities change what decision-makers do.
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