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A reliable curl monitor is a small shell program that makes one bounded HTTP request, checks explicit health rules, records status and timing, and exits nonzero when the site fails. A scheduler such as cron can run it every few minutes, while cron mail, a paging wrapper, or a heartbeat service turns that exit code into an alert.
What a curl website monitor should check
“Curl returned output” is not a health check. Define success before writing the command:
- The request connects before a connection deadline.
- The complete operation finishes before a total deadline.
- The final HTTP status, after any intended redirects, is accepted.
- The response time is below your service-level threshold.
- For a deterministic health endpoint, the body contains an invariant marker.
- TLS certificate validation remains enabled.
Use a small /health or /ready endpoint when possible. Avoid exact-string tests on personalized home pages, where content changes by cookie, location, or account.
A production-ready POSIX shell script
Save this as /usr/local/bin/check-site.sh and make it executable with chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/check-site.sh:
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#!/usr/bin/env sh
set -eu
url="https://example.com/health"
max_time=15
tmp="$(mktemp)"
trap 'rm -f "$tmp"' EXIT
result=$(curl --silent --show-error --location
--connect-timeout 5 --max-time "$max_time"
--output "$tmp"
--write-out '%{http_code} %{time_total}'
"$url") || {
printf '%s transport failure: %sn' "$(date -u +%FT%TZ)" "$url" >&2
exit 1
}
http_code=${result% *}
time_total=${result#* }
if [ "$http_code" -lt 200 ] || [ "$http_code" -ge 400 ]; then
printf '%s HTTP %s in %ss: %sn' "$(date -u +%FT%TZ)" "$http_code" "$time_total" "$url" >&2
exit 1
fi
printf '%s OK HTTP %s in %ss: %sn' "$(date -u +%FT%TZ)" "$http_code" "$time_total" "$url"
The script follows redirects, stores the body in a temporary file instead of printing it, and emits the final status and total duration. A DNS error, refused connection, TLS failure, or timeout enters the transport-failure branch. A 404 or 500 produces an HTTP failure with its status visible to operators.
Adding a body-marker test
Only add this for stable, non-personalized content. For example, after parsing time_total, add:
if ! grep -Fq 'status: ok' "$tmp"; then
printf '%s body marker missing: %sn' "$(date -u +%FT%TZ)" "$url" >&2
exit 1
fi
Do not put passwords, authorization headers, or response bodies into ordinary logs. Keep credentials in protected environment variables or a secret manager and send only the minimum headers required.
HEAD or GET: choose deliberately
Use HEAD for a cheap availability check
curl --head https://example.com asks for headers only, so it avoids downloading the response body. It is efficient for servers that implement HEAD correctly.
Use GET when content matters
Some servers deny HEAD while allowing GET. Use the script’s GET request when you need to verify a marker, exercise application code, or support endpoints with incomplete HEAD implementations. Keep --output pointed at a file so a large page does not flood a terminal or cron mail.
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Redirect behavior
--location follows redirects and reports the final response. Keep it when the destination is part of the intended check; remove it when a redirect itself indicates misconfiguration. Always decide whether HTTP-to-HTTPS redirects, login redirects, and cross-host redirects are success or failure for your service.
Timeouts, slow transfers, and curl exit codes
--connect-timeout 5 bounds connection establishment. --max-time 15 bounds the entire request, including redirects and body transfer. Set both: a connection can succeed while an application hangs indefinitely.
For endpoints that trickle data too slowly, add a transfer-rate guard:
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curl --silent --show-error --location
--connect-timeout 5 --max-time 30
--speed-limit 1024 --speed-time 10
--output /tmp/health-body "$url"
The speed options abort a transfer that remains below the chosen rate for the chosen interval. Tune them to your endpoint rather than applying them to every download.
--fail makes HTTP responses outside curl’s success range fail the command and suppresses the body. It is useful for one-off checks, but a monitor should still capture %{http_code}; distinguishing a 404 from DNS, TLS, and timeout failures makes remediation faster. The script above therefore evaluates the status explicitly instead of relying only on --fail.
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Logging useful evidence
Log UTC timestamp, URL or check name, final status, elapsed time, and a failure class. A compact success line looks like:
2026-09-30T12:00:00Z OK HTTP 200 in 0.184s: https://example.com/health
Rotate logs or send them to your system journal. Never log query strings or headers that contain tokens. If a check has warning and critical latency thresholds, keep those thresholds separate from the hard timeout: a 2-second warning can identify degradation while a 15-second timeout determines outright failure.
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Install this crontab entry with crontab -e:
*/5 * * * * /usr/local/bin/check-site.sh >>/var/log/check-site.log 2>&1
Cron runs with a limited environment. Use absolute paths, set any required environment variables in a protected file, and verify that the cron user can execute curl, write the log, and create temporary files.
Making failures alert someone
- Cron can email command output when configured on the host.
- A wrapper can send a notification only when the script exits nonzero.
- A heartbeat endpoint can receive a success ping; missing pings then trigger an alert.
- A systemd timer can replace cron when you need service dependencies, journal integration, or randomized scheduling.
Test the failure path intentionally with a disposable URL or a deliberately blocked port. Confirm that the command exits 1, produces a useful line, and reaches the alert channel.
Local script or hosted monitoring?
| Consideration | Local curl script | Hosted monitor |
|---|---|---|
| Detection | HEAD or GET rules you control | Provider-defined HTTP checks and options |
| Scheduling | Your cron or systemd timer | Provider-managed schedule |
| vantage points | Usually one machine and network | May run from independent external locations |
| History | Your log retention | Often includes retained check history |
| Alerts | You build mail, paging, or heartbeat integration | Notification routing is typically built in |
| Cost and control | Transparent and inexpensive; you operate it | Operational features in exchange for service dependency and subscription cost |
A local check can miss an outage that affects only users outside your network. A hosted check cannot validate private localhost services unless you provide a secure reachable endpoint or an agent. Compare authentication support, redirect and TLS controls, latency thresholds, log retention, and alert behavior before moving.
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Troubleshooting common failures
HTTP 404, 401, or 500
Inspect the final URL and status. A 401 may be expected for a protected endpoint; configure the minimum required authentication rather than marking every 4xx as healthy. A 500 usually indicates an application or upstream failure. Adjust the accepted range only when the endpoint contract explicitly allows it.
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HEAD returns 405 or 403
Switch to GET with --output. Do not treat a rejected HEAD as proof that the site is down.
Timeouts
Use verbose mode on a manual run to identify DNS, connection, TLS, redirect, or transfer delay:
curl --verbose --connect-timeout 5 --max-time 15 https://example.com/health
Keep certificate verification enabled. Increasing the timeout can hide a regression; first determine which phase is slow.
Redirect loops or unexpected login pages
Run without --location to inspect the first response, then decide whether the redirect target is part of the check. Authenticated checks should use a dedicated health endpoint, not an interactive login flow.
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Works interactively but fails in cron
Check absolute command paths, file permissions, working-directory assumptions, proxy variables, DNS configuration, and the cron user’s certificate store. Capture stderr in the cron log while diagnosing, then remove sensitive details.
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- Use a deterministic health endpoint.
- Set both connection and total-operation timeouts.
- Choose HEAD or GET based on server support and validation needs.
- Follow redirects only when the final destination is intended.
- Record status, duration, timestamp, and failure class.
- Keep secrets out of command lines and logs where possible.
- Make every failed condition exit nonzero.
- Test cron and alert delivery with an intentional failure.
- Move to external monitoring when you need independent locations, history, or managed notification workflows.
Frequently Asked Questions
Should I monitor a homepage or a health endpoint?
Prefer a small deterministic health endpoint; homepages often vary by cookie, account, and location.
What does a nonzero exit status mean?
It tells cron or an alert wrapper that a transport, timeout, HTTP-status, latency, or content rule failed.
Can curl verify TLS certificates?
Yes. Its normal certificate verification should remain enabled; investigate certificate failures instead of disabling verification.
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