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A user interface control is a part of an interface that people perceive as one control for a distinct function. The W3C’s WCAG glossary uses that definition; in plain terms, it is something a person can use to enter or choose information, change a setting, navigate, or carry out an action. A control is defined by the function users perceive—not by whether it is a particular kind of button or a single piece of code.
What counts as a user interface control?
The W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) define a user interface component as “a part of the content that is perceived by users as a single control for a distinct function.” The definition is based on the user’s experience: if people recognize an interface part as one means of doing a particular thing, it can count as a control. It need not be implemented as one programmatic element. W3C’s WCAG guidance also includes form elements, links, and components generated by scripts.
Common examples
Controls are not limited to fields where someone types. Microsoft’s Windows guidance gives buttons, text fields, lists, and pickers as familiar examples. In practice, a checkbox, a link, or a dynamically created widget can also be a control when it serves a distinct function.
- Enter information: a text field lets someone provide a value.
- Choose information: a list, picker, or checkbox lets someone select an option.
- Navigate: a link takes someone to another destination.
- Carry out an action: a button can submit a form or initiate another task.
Microsoft describes Windows controls as elements that display content or let people interact with an app. See Windows Controls and patterns.
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How a control changes a setting or performs an action
The effect of interaction helps distinguish controls. Selecting a checkbox or changing an option alters a setting; activating a link or submitting a form carries out an action. The distinction depends on behavior, not simply on the control’s appearance: a button that turns a feature on or off changes a setting or state.
WCAG’s guidance on changes that occur on input addresses this difference. In particular, changing a setting should not unexpectedly cause a substantial context change, such as navigating to a different page, without the user being advised beforehand. W3C explains the distinction in its guidance for Success Criterion 3.2.2.
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What makes a control accessible and clear?
People need to be able to determine what a control is for and understand its current value or state. WCAG’s Name, Role, Value guidance says that a control’s name and role must be programmatically determinable, and that user-settable states and values must be available to user agents, including assistive technologies. A control that looks clear visually but does not expose its purpose or state programmatically may not communicate the same information to someone using assistive technology. The W3C’s Understanding WCAG 2.0 document sets out this guidance.
Labels should make the purpose apparent. Apple’s button guidance recommends a succinct label or a familiar icon that clearly conveys what the button does. That principle applies broadly: people should not have to guess what will happen when they use a control. See Apple’s Human Interface Guidelines for buttons.
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