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Use JUnit Jupiter’s @BeforeEach and @AfterEach to create and quit a Selenium WebDriver around each test, and put browser actions and assertions in @Test methods. This pattern keeps each test’s browser state isolated and ensures the session is cleaned up. The examples below use JUnit 5 (Jupiter), not JUnit 4.
How to use JUnit 5 annotations with Selenium WebDriver
JUnit Jupiter annotations define when a Selenium test runs and when its browser resources are created or released. The core annotations are generally in org.junit.jupiter.api. A Jupiter test class can initialize a driver before each test, use it in a test method, and quit it afterward.
This example follows the Java interaction pattern in the Selenium WebDriver documentation. It opens Selenium’s sample web form, checks its title, enters text, submits it, and checks the confirmation.
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
class WebFormTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
void setUp() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
@DisplayName("submits text and shows a confirmation")
void submitsTextAndShowsConfirmation() {
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
assertEquals("Web form", driver.getTitle());
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click();
assertEquals("Received!", driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText());
}
@AfterEach
void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}The sample’s 500-millisecond implicit wait is the value used in Selenium’s published example, not a universal setting. If your application renders elements asynchronously, synchronize on the condition the test actually needs and use a consistent wait strategy; adding arbitrary delays can make tests slower without making them reliable.
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What @BeforeEach and @AfterEach do in a Selenium test
@BeforeEach runs before every test method invocation, including each invocation of a parameterized test. In the example it creates a fresh ChromeDriver. @AfterEach runs after each invocation and calls driver.quit() to end the WebDriver session and close its browser windows.
The null check matters if setup can fail before the driver field is assigned. Use quit() to end the full session; close() closes a window and is not a substitute for quitting the session.
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Fresh browser per test or one browser per class?
| Approach | When it runs | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
Fresh driver with @BeforeEach/@AfterEach |
Before and after each test invocation | Favors isolated browser state and straightforward cleanup, but repeats browser startup. |
Shared driver with @BeforeAll/@AfterAll |
Once around the class’s tests | Can reduce startup overhead, but requires deliberate resetting of cookies, windows, navigation, and mutable state. Tests can affect one another. |
JUnit Jupiter’s default test-instance lifecycle creates a new test-class instance for each test method, but the browser session is an external resource and still needs explicit cleanup. Class-level @BeforeAll and @AfterAll methods are static by default. To make them non-static, use @TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS); then one test object serves all methods, so mutable fields can leak state between tests. Prefer per-test browser ownership unless you have a clear reason and reset strategy for sharing.
Which JUnit annotations are useful for Selenium tests?
| Annotation | Scope or purpose | Practical use |
|---|---|---|
@Test |
Declares one test method | Keep a user-visible behavior and its assertions together. |
@BeforeEach / @AfterEach |
Run around each test invocation | Create and quit a per-test WebDriver. |
@BeforeAll / @AfterAll |
Run once around test methods in a class | Use for class-wide setup or teardown; static unless the class uses per-class test-instance mode. |
@ParameterizedTest |
Runs a test with multiple argument sets | Exercise the same behavior with varied inputs. |
@RepeatedTest |
Runs a test a requested number of times | Useful for repetition, but repetition alone does not vary test data. |
@DisplayName |
Sets a human-readable class or method name in reports | Describe the behavior rather than implementation details. |
@Nested |
Groups related tests in an inner test class | Organize tests by feature or page area. |
@Tag |
Labels tests for filtering | Use a small, agreed vocabulary such as smoke or slow. |
@Disabled |
Disables a test or class | Include a reason and remove it when the issue is resolved. |
@ExtendWith |
Registers a Jupiter extension | Use for reusable framework integrations; a hand-written driver lifecycle does not need one. |
How to test multiple values with @ParameterizedTest
A parameterized test runs the same test method with supplied arguments. @ValueSource is concise for one argument per invocation; @CsvSource can supply multiple values per row. Add the Jupiter params module to the build, aligned to the version of the other Jupiter artifacts. The following is a pattern, not a complete test: the submit flow and assertion must match your application.
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import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
@ParameterizedTest
@ValueSource(strings = { "Selenium", "JUnit Jupiter" })
void acceptsText(String input) {
driver.findElement(By.name("my-text")).sendKeys(input);
// Complete the flow and assert the application-specific result.
}With a per-test driver lifecycle, each parameter invocation receives its own setup and teardown. That keeps one input’s browser state from carrying into the next invocation.
JUnit 5 and JUnit 4 are not interchangeable
Use Jupiter imports consistently in a Jupiter test. Jupiter’s @Test is a different annotation from JUnit 4’s @Test and does not carry JUnit 4-style attributes. Mixing imports or relying on JUnit 4 annotation behavior can prevent tests from being discovered or produce confusing build errors. Consult the JUnit 5.12.0 User Guide for Jupiter’s annotation and lifecycle rules.
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Build and browser setup
Your project needs Selenium’s Java libraries and JUnit Jupiter. Parameterized tests additionally need junit-jupiter-params at a version aligned with the rest of Jupiter. Choose versions that are compatible with one another and verify the release documentation for the versions selected; dependency coordinates are not universal across projects.
The example constructs ChromeDriver. Browser and driver management behavior, along with browser compatibility, can vary by Selenium release and CI environment. Check the documentation for your chosen Selenium release and ensure the browser environment used by the build is supported. The example does not require a hard-coded browser executable path.
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Troubleshooting Selenium tests with Jupiter
- The test is not discovered: Check that the class uses Jupiter imports such as
org.junit.jupiter.api.Test, and that the build includes compatible Jupiter test support. Do not accidentally import JUnit 4’sorg.junit.Test. - The browser starts but remains open: Confirm that
@AfterEachis imported from Jupiter and thatdriver.quit()runs. Keep the null guard when setup might fail before assigning the field. - A class-level lifecycle method is rejected: Make
@BeforeAllor@AfterAllstatic, or explicitly opt into@TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)and account for shared object state. - An element lookup fails intermittently: The page may not have rendered the element when the lookup runs. Synchronize against the relevant condition with the wait approach chosen for your application instead of increasing delays indiscriminately.
- Parameterized annotations or sources are unresolved: Add the Jupiter params module and align its version with the other Jupiter artifacts.
- ChromeDriver cannot start in CI: Verify that the selected Selenium release, installed browser, and execution environment are compatible. Avoid assuming a local machine’s browser setup is available on the CI worker.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does @AfterEach run after every parameterized test input?
Yes. Each parameterized-test invocation is a test invocation, so the per-invocation teardown runs after it.
Can I use @BeforeAll without a static method?
Yes, if the class opts into Jupiter’s per-class test-instance lifecycle with @TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS).
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