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Plato argued that women chosen for the guardian class of his imagined city should receive the same education as men with the same duties. In Republic Book V, that includes music, gymnastics and training for war. Psychologist Dr. Amy Marschall, PsyD, sees a contemporary connection: adults’ expectations can shape the opportunities children believe are open to them. That is a modern interpretation of Plato’s argument—not evidence that he offered a guide to raising girls.
What did Plato think about educating girls?
In Book V of Republic, Socrates is discussing the organization of an ideal city and the people who will serve as its guardians. His argument is conditional: if women are to carry out the same guardian duties as men, they should receive the same nurture and education.
“Then, if women are to have the same duties as men, they must have the same nurture and education?”
The dialogue answers, “Yes.” It names music and gymnastics and also includes training in war. The passage’s focus is preparation for a civic role, rather than education as a general right or a prescription for how families should raise daughters.
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Read Republic, Book V, in the University of Minnesota-hosted translation or consult a printed edition of Plato’s Republic to read the argument in context.
Who does the argument include?
Plato’s proposal concerns women considered capable of serving as guardians in the imagined city. The dialogue argues that sex alone does not establish a reason to exclude someone from a pursuit when that difference is irrelevant to the task. Candidates, it says, should be selected for qualities and capabilities relevant to the role.
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That is a notable case for including women in education and public responsibility, but it is not a claim about every woman’s life or opportunity in ancient Greece. The argument is bounded by the class and political system the dialogue is constructing.
Why the passage is not modern equality
The text does not discard gender hierarchy. It describes women as comparatively weaker and assigns them lighter tasks on that basis. Its case for educating women who serve as guardians is also tied to the city’s functioning and benefit—not to an account of individual rights or equality for its own sake.
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- Who is included: women selected for guardian duties, not women universally.
- Why they are educated: to prepare them for responsibilities shared with men and serve the state.
- What hierarchy remains: the text retains a sex-based claim about relative strength and workload.
Calling this “modern” can describe one element—the argument that women assigned the same work need the same preparation. It does not establish that Plato held contemporary views about gender or parenting. Whether “feminist” is an apt label for him is a debated modern framing, not a settled historical identity.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What a psychologist says parents can take from it
Parade’s October 3, 2026 article reports psychologist Dr. Amy Marschall, PsyD, connecting the passage to how adults’ expectations affect children’s sense of possibility. Marschall said: “Children’s understanding of themselves and their abilities comes in part from feedback from adults, so limiting opportunities or changing boundaries based on assigned gender can teach kids that certain things are just not available to them.”
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Her practical point is to examine the expectations and opportunities adults offer children: are boundaries being set because of a child’s interests and capabilities, or because of assumptions attached to gender? That is Marschall’s contemporary interpretation, not a conclusion established by Plato’s dialogue or by a parenting study cited here. Plato’s text is a work of political philosophy, not a child-rearing manual.
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