Use Excel’s LARGE and SMALL functions to return the highest, lowest, or another ranked numeric value without sorting or filtering the source list. For a single maximum or minimum, MAX and MIN are simpler; sorting and filters are still useful when you need to inspect or rearrange complete records.
Use LARGE and SMALL to return ranked values
Suppose the numbers you want to check are in B2:B20. Enter a formula in a separate cell so the result appears without changing the order of the original list:
=LARGE(B2:B20,1)returns the highest value.=LARGE(B2:B20,2)returns the second-highest value.=SMALL(B2:B20,1)returns the lowest value.=SMALL(B2:B20,3)returns the third-lowest value.
The second argument, k, is the rank: LARGE counts from the high end, while SMALL counts from the low end. Microsoft’s [LARGE function documentation](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/large-function-3af0af19-1190-42bb-bb8b-01672ec00a64) defines the result as the k-th largest value and shows how to retrieve top-ranked values; its [SMALL function documentation](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/small-function-17da8222-7c82-42b2-961b-14c45384df07) gives the corresponding smallest-value behavior.
For just one endpoint, MAX and MIN are simpler
If you only need the single largest or smallest number, use =MAX(B2:B20) or =MIN(B2:B20). Microsoft defines MAX as returning the largest value in a set and documents the matching range examples in its [guide to finding the smallest or largest value in a range](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/find-the-smallest-or-largest-value-in-a-range-3f5b0e68-1704-4c87-8f2b-6f6b4a7e4f3e). The k=1 forms of LARGE and SMALL produce those endpoints too, but MAX and MIN express that simple goal directly.
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Know when formulas beat the filter button
LARGE and SMALL are a better fit when you want a ranked number in a separate cell and want the source list left in place, especially for second-, third-, or other ranked values. Microsoft also describes sorting values in either direction and points to AutoFilter or conditional formatting for finding top or bottom values in its [sorting and filtering guidance](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sort-data-in-a-range-or-table-62d0b95d-2a4d-4baf-8c9b-1e5f5bb9f8d3).
- Choose a formula when the output you need is a number, such as the third-highest score.
- Choose sorting or filtering when you want to rearrange the list or examine complete rows alongside the values.
These formulas return values, not associated labels or entire records. If you need the person, product, or other row linked to the result, you’ll need a separate lookup or another method to retrieve that information.
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Check k, ties, and the values in your range
k must be a positive rank within the number of data points. Microsoft says LARGE returns #NUM! if the array is empty, if k is zero or less, or if k exceeds the number of data points. The same practical check applies when choosing a rank for SMALL: make sure the range contains enough numeric values.
A rank refers to a data point, not necessarily a distinct number. If two cells contain the same value, that value can appear at more than one rank.
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For MAX, numbers in a referenced range are used while text, logical values, and empty cells in that reference are ignored; values supplied directly to the function can behave differently. If the range mixes data types, consult Microsoft’s [MAX function notes](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/max-function-e0012414-9ac8-4b34-9a47-73e662c08098).
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