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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteFor a table that must flow across PDF pages, leave the table breakable and apply page-break-inside: avoid to each tr, not the tbody or individual td elements:
table {
page-break-inside: auto;
}
tr {
page-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-after: auto;
}
thead {
display: table-header-group;
}
This is a workaround, not a guarantee. A historical wkhtmltopdf 0.12.2.4 build with patched Qt avoided splitting rows with the tr rule, while td did not. Other reports describe border artifacts, blank gaps and odd repeated headers. Test the exact wkhtmltopdf binary, Qt build, fonts, page size and HTML used in production.
Why a tbody rule does not keep rows together
tbody is a grouping element, but wkhtmltopdf’s WebKit-based pagination does not reliably treat it as an indivisible block. A 2018 issue report describes separate tbody elements with page-break-inside: avoid failing to keep related adjacent rows together. The rule may be accepted by the CSS engine while having no useful effect on the page-break decision.
There are two different layout requirements:
- Keep one record intact: prevent a single row from being cut between pages. Start with
tr { page-break-inside: avoid; }. - Keep several records together: keep two or more adjacent rows on the same page. The available reports do not establish a dependable CSS-only solution for this in wkhtmltopdf. A row rule protects each row individually, but does not reserve enough space for a group.
Do not confuse either requirement with allowing the table itself to continue onto the next page. Setting page-break-inside: avoid on the entire table can create large blank areas or force an oversized table into an undesirable position.
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Use this baseline CSS first
Put the pagination rules in the stylesheet that wkhtmltopdf actually receives. Keep the table breakable, discourage a break inside each row, and mark the header as a repeating table header:
table {
width: 100%;
page-break-inside: auto;
}
tr {
page-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-after: auto;
}
thead {
display: table-header-group;
}
tfoot {
display: table-footer-group;
}
The tfoot declaration is useful only when you deliberately want a footer group to repeat; it does not solve row pagination. Keep borders, padding and line heights explicit while testing, because a row that is taller than the printable page cannot be kept intact by CSS.
Build a minimal reproducible test
- Record the renderer: run the same wkhtmltopdf executable used by your application and note its version, operating system and whether it uses patched Qt. The historical evidence is tied to particular builds, not to every package carrying the same version number.
- Reduce the HTML: create one table with a long
tbody, realistic text wrapping and the same fonts and images as production. Remove JavaScript and unrelated layout until the break can be observed clearly. - Set the page geometry: use the production paper size, margins, orientation and zoom. A row that fits on A4 portrait may not fit on Letter portrait or a narrower printable width.
- Render repeatedly: generate a PDF with the baseline CSS, inspect every page boundary and save the output. Repeat after changing only one rule so that a visual improvement can be attributed to that change.
- Test realistic extremes: include the longest cell, wrapped text, images, nested lists and rows near a page boundary. A short sample can appear correct while the real document still splits.
A simple command-line render can look like this, with your own input and output paths:
wkhtmltopdf input.html output.pdf
The command is not a compatibility test by itself; the important part is inspecting the produced PDF from the exact binary and document that will ship.
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Keeping multiple adjacent rows together
There is no reliable evidence that applying page-break-inside: avoid to a tbody keeps a selected group together. If two rows form one logical record, consider changing the markup so the content is represented by one row with multiple lines or cells. That gives wkhtmltopdf one row to protect instead of asking it to coordinate a group of rows.
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If separate rows are required, test a wrapper or grouping approach as an experiment, but treat it as build-specific. The 2018 report specifically found that separate tbody groups did not keep the desired rows together. Do not promise users that a group will remain on one page unless your production PDF tests demonstrate it.
Also account for the impossible case: if the combined group is taller than the printable page, no pagination declaration can place it intact. In that situation, reduce content, change orientation or margins, or accept a split.
Repeating headers without introducing new artifacts
thead { display: table-header-group; } is the usual first setting for repeating column headings. However, a wkhtmltopdf 0.12.4 issue report describes a header repeating on a page without the final data row, along with gaps and poor table breaks. Another report on 0.12.2.4 observed a header on the first page while the first row moved to the next page.
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When a repeated header overlaps content or appears by itself, render comparison PDFs with the header repetition enabled and disabled. In one issue context, changing thead to display: table-row-group suppressed repetition, but that necessarily removes the repeated-header behavior. Use that only when a non-repeating header is preferable to the artifact:
/* Diagnostic alternative: do not repeat the header */
thead {
display: table-row-group;
}
Do not combine several pagination changes at once. First establish whether the defect is row splitting, header repetition, or a border drawn beyond the page; each symptom can require a different compromise.
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What to inspect at every page boundary
| Goal or symptom | First experiment | What the reports establish |
|---|---|---|
| A single row is cut between pages | tr { page-break-inside: avoid; } |
Worked in a historical 0.12.2.4 patched-Qt setup; not a universal guarantee. |
| Applying the rule to cells | td { page-break-inside: avoid; } |
Did not prevent row breaks in that 0.12.2.4 report. |
| Several selected rows must stay together | Model them as one row where possible; otherwise test the exact markup | A 2018 grouped-tbody attempt failed to keep related rows together. |
| Header repeats incorrectly | Compare table-header-group with a diagnostic non-repeating header |
Historical 0.12.2.4 and 0.12.4 reports describe orphaned or misplaced headers. |
| Vertical borders extend into blank space | Inspect borders and page boundary after each CSS change | Border artifacts were observed in an issue report; no universal fix was established. |
Troubleshooting common failures
The row still splits
Confirm that the declaration reaches the generated HTML and is not overridden by a later stylesheet. Then verify that you are testing the expected executable, Qt build and page geometry. Replace unusually complex row content with plain text to determine whether an image, nested block or font metric is triggering the break. If the row is taller than the printable area, splitting is unavoidable.
The table leaves a large blank area
Look for page-break-inside: avoid applied to table or a large wrapper. Remove that restriction and keep page-break-inside: auto on the table. The goal is to protect rows while allowing the table to flow.
Rows move but the header is missing
Check that the header is valid table markup inside thead and that the header style is applied in the PDF-rendering stylesheet. Compare a minimal table with the production one. Repeating headers are a separate behavior from preventing row splits.
A header appears on a page by itself
Render a comparison without display: table-header-group. If the orphan disappears, decide whether the document is more useful with a non-repeating header or whether changing margins, row content or page size gives the repeating header enough room.
The PDF differs after an upgrade
Capture the old and new wkhtmltopdf version, Qt variant, operating system, fonts and command-line options. The cited issue tracker was archived in 2023, and its reports are historical examples rather than compatibility guarantees for current packages. Re-run the representative boundary tests before accepting the upgrade.
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Reliability and performance considerations
Pagination decisions depend on content measurement, so fonts, image dimensions, JavaScript timing and network-loaded assets can change where a row lands. Pin production fonts and assets where possible, wait for dynamic content before rendering, and include a long-table fixture in automated PDF checks. A visual diff or page-count check can catch regressions, but it cannot replace inspecting boundary cases.
There is no published success rate for these declarations. The Debian Stretch wkhtmltopdf manual describes page-break-inside as a partial remedy for WebKit cutting a line across pages, which is consistent with treating the rule as best-effort. If your business requirement is strict group-level pagination and repeated headers remain unstable after testing, evaluate a different HTML-to-PDF renderer rather than claiming that tbody CSS guarantees the result. No particular alternative renderer is established by the available reports.
Or skip the browser setup
If what you actually need is a clean screenshot or PDF of a public URL rather than control over wkhtmltopdf’s table pagination, ScreenshotNeo can capture it through one request. It accepts cookie and consent banners as a visitor, removes more than 60 known consent platforms plus newsletter popups and chat widgets, and reports whether a response was billed. Bot checks, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads and cache hits are not billed. Its MCP server exposes take_screenshot, get_page_info and capture_pdf to Claude, Cursor and other MCP clients. It does not make wkhtmltopdf’s tbody pagination rules deterministic; it is an alternative capture path when you do not need that browser setup.
See the ScreenshotNeo documentation for authentication and options. A basic request is:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webp
Python:
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"}, timeout=90)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)
Node.js:
const q = new URLSearchParams({ access_key: 'YOUR_API_KEY', url: 'https://stripe.com' });
const res = await fetch(`https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot?${q}`);
The Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots each month with no card. Paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 shots, and every feature is available on every plan. Create a free ScreenshotNeo account to try the capture path without entering a card.
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Can page-break-inside: avoid guarantee that every table row stays intact?
No. wkhtmltopdf treats the declaration as a partial, build-dependent remedy. Verify the generated PDF with the exact binary, Qt build and document used in production.
What should I change first when two related rows split apart?
Treat that as a group-pagination problem, not a single-row problem. If possible, represent the content as one table row; separate tbody groups have not reliably kept selected rows together.
Should I disable repeating headers when they look wrong?
Compare PDFs with and without thead { display: table-header-group; }. Disabling repetition can remove an orphaned header, but it also removes headings from later pages.
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