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In 2016, a report about smart cards used in Dawoodi Bohra community spaces raised a question that remains relevant: what happens when a credential used to identify someone also becomes a record of where they go and which services they use? The reported ITS system offers a case study in identity-linked access and possible behavioral monitoring. It is not proof that the system still operates as described, or that it is technically or legally equivalent to Aadhaar.
A community credential with more than one reported use
The Dawoodi Bohras are a global Shia Muslim community. Its central administration, Dawat-e-Hadiyah, describes a network of activities that includes religious affairs, education, healthcare and welfare. Its official site identifies Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin as the 53rd al-Dai al-Mutlaq. Local representatives known as Aamils oversee community affairs in different cities. Those official descriptions provide context for why an administrative identity system might be useful; they do not document the system’s privacy practices.
In an investigation published on April 30, 2016, Scroll reported that earlier E-jamaat cards had been replaced by ITS cards. The report expanded ITS as Idaratut Ta’reef al Shakhsi and described the cards as radio-frequency-enabled and bar-coded. It said registration involved a photograph and extensive family, personal and professional details. The report also said fingerprints and iris scans were not collected during ITS registration.
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According to that account, cards were scanned at mosques, community halls and musafir khanas, or pilgrim guest houses. The report also described their use for selected online applications and registration for pilgrimages and major religious events. An interviewed member said donations were recorded through the system. Some interviewees believed scans could be used to monitor mosque attendance, sermons and other religious activity. These are claims and concerns reported in 2016, not independently audited findings about what the database stored or how it was used.
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Why repeated scans matter
A card does not have to contain a person’s full history to help create one. If an identifier is scanned at multiple locations or services and the resulting events are retained and linked, an organization may be able to build a timeline: when someone attended an event, applied for a service or visited a facility. Depending on what is connected to the record, repeated entries could also reveal routines, travel patterns, household relationships or participation in community programs.
That is a general risk of identity-linked logging, not confirmation that the ITS database contained every such detail. A barcode or RFID card is not a biometric by itself: it can identify or point to a record when presented, but it does not prove that the named person is holding it. Scroll also reported that some members allegedly sent their cards with relatives to be scanned on their behalf. That example illustrates a basic limitation: a scan can show that a credential was presented, not necessarily who was physically present.
The distinction matters for both privacy and accuracy. Lost or damaged cards, outdated records, duplicate entries, reader or network failures, and errors in family information can all create problems in an identity system. If access depends on a successful scan, a technical failure or incorrect record may become a practical barrier. The 2016 report does not establish how often such failures occurred or what remedies were available.
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Convenience and coordination—and the risks that accompany them
A centralized membership credential can make event registration and administration easier. In a community operating across cities and countries, shared records may help coordinate travel, communicate with households, reduce duplicate registration or organize welfare and healthcare programs. Dawat-e-Hadiyah’s current website describes extensive community services, but the public material reviewed here does not establish that ITS powers those services.
The same infrastructure can shift the balance of power between an institution and its members. A system may begin as a convenient way to establish membership, then become expected for entry, applications or other activities. The consequence of refusal is therefore crucial. “Mandatory” could mean a formal rule, a requirement for a particular event or application, or social pressure; it should not be used as a blanket description without specifying what a person loses by declining.
Consent also depends on the real choice available. A person may sign a form, yet have little practical freedom to refuse if doing so blocks access to religious, social or welfare services. And even without direct penalties, the belief that attendance or participation is being logged can have a chilling effect: people may change their behavior because they expect their actions to be reviewed.
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What the Aadhaar comparison does—and does not—show
The comparison made sense as a warning about a design pattern: a persistent identifier is presented repeatedly; each presentation can generate a transaction or access log; and the organization operating the system may gain a view of a person’s interactions. The central issue is not whether a credential is biometric. A card, QR code, account number or phone-based identifier can also support activity logging if scans are connected and retained.
But ITS, as described in the 2016 reporting, was a community-membership and administrative credential. Aadhaar is a national identity and authentication system administered by UIDAI under the Aadhaar Act. One serves a bounded global religious community; the other is public infrastructure used across India. The comparison is about possible surveillance effects and function creep—not technical or legal equivalence.
| Question | ITS, according to 2016 reporting | Aadhaar |
|---|---|---|
| Operator and purpose | Dawoodi Bohra administration; reported as a community identity and administrative credential. | UIDAI under Indian law; a national identity and authentication system. |
| Scale | A global religious community. A 2016 population estimate should not be treated as current. | National public infrastructure used across India. |
| Data and authentication | The report described an RF-enabled, bar-coded card and said fingerprints and iris scans were not collected during registration. | Authentication may use demographic information, OTP, biometrics, multiple factors or offline verification, depending on the authorized process. |
| Legal framework | The public sources reviewed do not establish an equivalent statutory framework or disclose current system documentation. | The Aadhaar Act and UIDAI regulations set rules for authentication, information use and sharing. |
| Current status and choice | Whether ITS remains in use, is required, or has changed is not established by the public sources reviewed. | The law addresses consent and alternatives for authentication; how safeguards work in practice is a separate question. |
The Aadhaar Act requires a requesting entity to obtain consent for authentication and inform the individual about the information involved, its uses and alternatives. It also restricts sharing of core biometric information. Current UIDAI regulations describe permitted authentication approaches and offline verification; the regulations provide for Virtual ID as an alternative to using an Aadhaar number for online authentication or e-KYC and say entities must not store it. These are legal and regulatory safeguards, not proof that every implementation works perfectly or that users never face problems.
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That distinction is important: the existence of rules does not settle how systems operate in practice, just as the absence of publicly available technical documentation does not prove that an organization has no safeguards. A fair comparison separates what laws require, what operators implement, what users experience and what independent audits or legal findings establish.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What remains unknown about ITS
The Scroll article is historical reporting from 2016. The current Dawat-e-Hadiyah website describes the community’s administrative and service structure, but the public sources reviewed do not provide enough technical information to verify the present-day ITS system. They do not establish whether cards remain in use or are mandatory, whether they are still RF-enabled or bar-coded, or whether a digital application has replaced them.
Nor do those sources establish what information the current system collects; whether scan logs are retained and for how long; who can access individual records; whether members can inspect, correct, export or delete their data; whether records are shared with service providers or government bodies; or whether there is an independent privacy or security audit. The sources reviewed also do not establish whether services can be accessed without a card, where the database is hosted, or whether ITS is connected to Aadhaar. These unknowns should remain unknown, rather than being filled in by inference from the 2016 account.
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To understand any identity-linked system, members and researchers would need clear answers to practical questions: What is collected, and which fields are optional? Why is each item needed? Who can query records, and are those queries logged? How long are records retained? Can a member challenge an error or denial? What happens after someone migrates, leaves the community or dies? Do outside vendors process the information? The answers determine whether convenience is proportionate to the risks and whether people have meaningful recourse.
The larger lesson
The reported Bohra card system is useful as a small-scale case study in how a membership credential can become an access-control tool and a possible source of behavioral records. It shows why the important questions go beyond whether an ID uses biometrics: who controls the database, what decisions can be made from its records, how long the records persist, and what happens to someone who cannot or will not use the credential?
It does not establish that ITS currently operates as reported, that its records were used for every purpose members feared, or that Aadhaar functions in the same way. Its enduring lesson is narrower and more useful: when identity becomes a condition of participation, the scans and transactions around it can become an institutional memory. The design, limits, transparency and remedies matter as much as the card itself.
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