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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsSome links on this page are affiliate links: if you buy through them we may earn a commission, at no extra cost to you.
Use a custom TestNG ITestListener and capture the browser in onTestFailure. Save each image beside the generated HTML report, then add a relative image reference through your reporting library. Register the listener with testng.xml or @Listeners. This captures the page while the failure is being reported; an IReporter is better for assembling results after the suite has finished.
What you need before adding screenshots
- A Selenium
WebDriverthat is still alive when TestNG callsonTestFailure. - A reporting output directory whose HTML and image files will be copied together.
- A reporting integration such as ExtentReports, or a small custom HTML writer.
- A unique naming strategy for parallel tests and repeated runs.
TestNG provides the lifecycle event and the ITestResult; it does not define how your framework stores the driver. A listener must obtain the browser belonging to the failing test. A single mutable static driver is unsafe when tests run in parallel because one thread can capture another thread’s page.
Listener or reporter: choose the capture point
Use ITestListener for failure-time capture
TestNG listeners receive real-time notifications when tests start, pass, fail, or are skipped. onTestFailure(ITestResult result) is therefore the natural place to call Selenium’s screenshot API. The browser is captured immediately, before later teardown code changes the page or quits the session.
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Use IReporter for post-run assembly
IReporter.generateReport(List<ISuite>, String outputDirectory) runs after suites complete. It receives the completed run model and is useful for building or enriching a report from screenshots that were already saved. It is usually too late to take a reliable browser screenshot: teardown may have closed the driver.
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A framework-neutral implementation
The following class shows the responsibilities without pretending that driver storage is a TestNG feature. Replace DriverStore, ScreenshotFiles, and reportFailureWithScreenshot with your project’s implementations.
public final class FailureScreenshotListener implements ITestListener {
@Override
public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {
WebDriver driver = DriverStore.forCurrentTest();
if (driver == null) {
return;
}
Path image = ScreenshotFiles.write(driver, result.getName());
reportFailureWithScreenshot(result, image);
}
}The guard prevents a second exception from hiding the original test failure. Your driver store can use a thread-local value, a dependency-injection scope, or a test-context object. Whichever approach you choose, clear it after the test ends and make the lifecycle explicit.
Capture and name the image safely
Selenium exposes screenshots through TakesScreenshot. Write into a directory under the report output, create missing directories, and sanitize test names before using them as filenames. Add a run identifier and a timestamp or monotonic counter so retries and parameterized invocations do not overwrite one another.
public final class ScreenshotFiles {
public static Path write(WebDriver driver, String testName) {
Path root = Paths.get("test-output", "screenshots");
try {
Files.createDirectories(root);
String safe = testName.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9._-]", "_");
String fileName = safe + "-" + UUID.randomUUID() + ".png";
Path destination = root.resolve(fileName);
File source = ((TakesScreenshot) driver)
.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
Files.copy(source.toPath(), destination,
StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
return destination;
} catch (IOException | WebDriverException e) {
throw new UncheckedIOException(
new IOException("Could not save failure screenshot", e));
}
}
}If the driver is remote, Selenium transfers the screenshot bytes to the test process; the destination path is still local to the process generating the report. For a full-page image, confirm that your browser and driver support the required capture mode. A normal viewport screenshot may omit content below the fold.
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Attach the file to an HTML report
ExtentReports with a path reference
ExtentReports Java documentation describes attaching media from a file path and also supports base64 media entities. A path-based report points from the generated HTML to the image; it does not automatically package the image into the HTML. Keep the relative directory intact when publishing or moving the report.
ExtentTest test = extent.createTest(result.getMethod().getMethodName());
Path image = ScreenshotFiles.write(driver, result.getName());
test.fail(result.getThrowable(),
MediaEntityBuilder.createScreenCaptureFromPath(
reportRelativePath(image)).build());The exact method signatures vary by ExtentReports and adapter version. Check the API matching the dependency installed in your build. If you need one self-contained HTML file, use the supported base64 media method, accepting the larger report size.
A simple custom HTML link
If you generate HTML yourself, emit a relative link or image tag using the path relative to the report file, not an absolute path from the build machine.
<a href="screenshots/login_test-abc123.png">
<img src="screenshots/login_test-abc123.png"
alt="Failure screenshot for login_test" />
</a>Escape the test name and any exception text before inserting it into HTML. Treat report content as untrusted data when test parameters can contain user input.
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Register the listener
Using testng.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="UI suite">
<listeners>
<listener class-name="example.FailureScreenshotListener"/>
</listeners>
<test name="browser tests">
<classes>
<class name="example.LoginTest"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>Using @Listeners
import org.testng.annotations.Listeners;
@Listeners(FailureScreenshotListener.class)
public class LoginTest {
// test methods
}The suite configuration applies the listener across the selected suite. The annotation is convenient for a class or a shared base test, but avoid registering the same listener through both mechanisms unless you deliberately want duplicate callbacks.
Make parallel execution reliable
- Store one driver per test thread or test scope; never let a global mutable field point to whichever browser started last.
- Include class, method, invocation, retry, and run identifiers in metadata or filenames.
- Create directories before workers write and use collision-resistant names.
- Capture before teardown calls
quit(). If teardown is ordered ahead of the listener in your framework, move cleanup later or capture in an earlier failure hook. - Synchronize only shared report objects when the reporting library requires it; do not serialize the browsers unnecessarily.
Keep report paths portable
Open the generated index.html from the same directory layout that your CI artifact viewer will use. A report that works on the build agent can show broken images after an artifact uploader flattens folders or copies only HTML files. Package the report directory, including its screenshot subdirectory, and verify every image link after extraction.
For base64 attachments, the HTML is more portable but can become very large when a suite captures many high-resolution images. For file references, storage is smaller and images can be opened independently, but the relative files are mandatory.
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Common failures and fixes
No screenshot is created
Cause: the listener cannot obtain a driver, the driver has already quit, or the current driver does not implement TakesScreenshot as expected. Fix: log the listener failure separately, verify driver scope, and move capture before browser cleanup.
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The original assertion is replaced by a listener error
Cause: screenshot or report code throws from onTestFailure. Fix: catch attachment errors, preserve the original throwable, and treat the image as diagnostic data rather than a reason to fail the listener.
The report shows a broken image
Cause: the report contains an absolute build path, a wrong relative path, or the image was not copied. Fix: calculate the path relative to the HTML file, retain the directory tree, and inspect the final archived artifact.
Parallel tests overwrite screenshots
Cause: filenames contain only the method name. Fix: add a UUID, invocation number, or run identifier and keep driver state thread-scoped.
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Images are blank or capture the wrong page
Cause: the failure happened during navigation, the page was still loading, or another test shared the session. Fix: isolate drivers, wait for the page state your test requires, and capture immediately at the failure callback.
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Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Verify the workflow with a deliberate failure
- Create a test that fails after a distinctive page state appears.
- Run it through the same TestNG suite configuration used in CI.
- Confirm the listener executes once and writes a uniquely named image.
- Open the report from a copied or extracted artifact, not only the original workspace.
- Check that the image shows the failing state and that retries produce separate files.
- Run the same test with parallel workers to detect driver or filename collisions.
Or skip the browser setup
For services that only need a rendered page image rather than a screenshot taken inside the failing Selenium session, ScreenshotNeo provides a single HTTP call. It accepts cookie and consent banners before capture and removes more than 60 known consent platforms, newsletter popups, and chat widgets. Bot checks, CAPTCHAs, blank pages, timeouts, failed loads, and cache hits are not billed, and each response identifies the result with X-Page-Verdict and X-Billed headers. Its MCP server exposes take_screenshot, get_page_info, and capture_pdf for Claude, Cursor, and other MCP clients.
See the parameter reference in the ScreenshotNeo documentation. cURL:
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpPython:
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://stripe.com"}, timeout=90)
open("shot.webp", "wb").write(r.content)Node.js:
const q = new URLSearchParams({ access_key: 'YOUR_API_KEY', url: 'https://stripe.com' });
const res = await fetch(`https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot?${q}`);It also supports full-page and element capture, device and viewport settings, dark mode, retina scale, PDF output, custom CSS and JavaScript, waits, request blocking, headers, cookies, user agents, authorization, timezone, geolocation, transparent backgrounds, resizing, caching, signed links, asynchronous webhooks, bulk capture, and a usage API. Every feature is available on every plan. The Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month without a card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000 screenshots. Create a free ScreenshotNeo account.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can TestNG itself embed screenshots in index.html?
No. TestNG supplies lifecycle callbacks and standard result files; your listener and reporting library must save the image and add the HTML reference.
Should I use a listener and an IReporter together?
Use the listener to capture at failure time. Add an IReporter only when you also need post-suite assembly or transformation of the saved artifacts.
Why does a report work locally but not in CI?
The CI artifact usually lacks the image directory or has a changed relative layout. Archive the complete report directory and test the extracted copy.
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