The Tool Desk
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A valid ZITADEL access token tells your API who is calling; it does not automatically authorize that caller to edit every document or enter every customer’s tenant. ZITADEL provides useful building blocks—project roles, organization context, project grants, and custom claims—but your API must enforce permissions against the requested resource. For access rules involving ownership, sharing, teams, or inheritance, pair ZITADEL with application logic or a dedicated authorization engine.
Authentication is not authorization
Authentication answers who is the caller? Authorization answers may this caller perform this action on this resource in this context? A token can be correctly signed, unexpired, and intended for your API while the requested document belongs to another organization. Token validation and permission checks are separate responsibilities. ZITADEL documents its API and identity concepts at its API introduction.
It helps to distinguish four levels:
- Application access: May the user use this application?
- Role-based access (RBAC): Does the user have a role such as
project.editor? - Tenant-scoped access: Does that role apply within the organization that owns the resource?
- Resource- or relationship-based access: May this user edit this particular document because they own it, belong to its team, or have been granted access?
A long list of global roles is still coarse RBAC. “Fine-grained” is most useful when decisions account for a specific subject, action, resource, and possibly context.
Choose the permission model first
| Model | Example | Good fit |
|---|---|---|
| RBAC | admin, editor, viewer |
A small application with a stable set of roles. |
| Tenant-scoped RBAC | project.write for tenant A, but not tenant B |
B2B SaaS where organizations have their own members and roles. |
| ABAC | Allow export only when the tenant’s plan permits it | Rules depend on user or organization attributes. |
| ReBAC | A user can edit a document because their team owns its project | Sharing, teams, nested resources, and inheritance. |
| Hybrid | ZITADEL role plus a resource ownership or policy check | Many production SaaS applications. |
Start with an action matrix, not a claim list. For example:
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| Resource | Action | Permission |
|---|---|---|
| Project | Read | project.read |
| Project | Change settings | project.manage |
| Invoice | Approve | invoice.approve |
| Organization | Invite a member | member.invite |
| Organization | Change billing | billing.manage |
Separate application capabilities from tenant and resource identity. A role key such as billing.manage describes a capability; it should not silently imply authority over every tenant or invoice. ZITADEL project role keys are machine-readable identifiers used in authorization checks and role claims, and are unique within a project. See the AddProjectRole API reference.
Configure ZITADEL roles and tenant relationships
Create application roles in the ZITADEL project that represents your application. In the Console, use the project’s role configuration; you can also create a role through the Project API. The API request shape is:
curl -X POST "https://example.com/zitadel.project.v2.ProjectService/AddProjectRole"
-H "Connect-Protocol-Version: 1"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
-d '{
"projectId": "PROJECT_ID",
"roleKey": "project.editor",
"displayName": "Project editor"
}'Use stable, narrowly named capabilities, for example:
project.read
project.write
project.manage
member.invite
billing.read
billing.manageAssign roles to users or service accounts through the Console or relevant ZITADEL APIs. For multi-tenant SaaS, decide explicitly how the customer organization relates to your project and who can assign roles to its users. ZITADEL’s SaaS scenario describes project grants that let customer organizations use a project and assign roles to their users.
Terminology can be confusing: current documentation commonly describes a role assignment; older material or APIs may call a related user-to-project relationship a user grant or authorization. These are not the same thing as ZITADEL administrative roles such as ORG_OWNER or PROJECT_OWNER, nor are they the same as a project grant between organizations. An application role named admin does not automatically grant authority to administer ZITADEL. See the current role retrieval guide and Actions objects reference.
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For each request, carry or derive the relevant organization context, then verify that the resource actually belongs to that organization. A role by itself is not proof of tenant ownership.
Get role information into your API
Use token claims when a compact snapshot is enough
Roles do not necessarily appear in a token simply because they exist. Configure the project/application role settings and request the appropriate audience and scopes for your integration. A commonly documented ZITADEL audience scope has this form:
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urn:zitadel:iam:org:project:id:{project-id}:audDo not assume this exact set applies to every client type or flow: check the current ZITADEL guidance for your application and integration. Role retrieval and configuration details are in the role guide; claim behavior is covered by the claims documentation.
At the API boundary, validate the token’s signature, issuer, audience, expiration, and token type using a suitable library and your expected issuer configuration. Then extract the subject and configured authorization context. A sound request path is:
- Validate the access token. Reject missing or invalid credentials with
401 Unauthorized. - Extract the subject and any configured role and organization context.
- Load the requested resource and its authoritative tenant or owner data.
- Check the tenant/resource boundary and the permission required for the requested action.
- Only then perform the operation. For a validly authenticated caller who lacks permission, return
403 Forbidden(or a consistent non-disclosing response where resource-existence privacy requires it).
Missing role claims should not turn into access. Treat them as denial or a configuration issue to diagnose.
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Query the Auth API when you need current roles
If roles are too large for a token, or your application needs a fresh role lookup rather than a token snapshot, ZITADEL documents this authenticated-user permissions endpoint:
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"https://${CUSTOM_DOMAIN}/auth/v1/permissions/me/_search"
-H "Accept: application/json"
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}"Use the response according to the documented API contract and requesting project context. The role guide also notes that administrator roles cannot currently be included directly in tokens and must be retrieved through ZITADEL APIs. A remote lookup adds latency and an availability dependency: define bounded caching, timeouts, and fail-closed behavior, and do not call the endpoint once per database row or object.
Use Actions for claim shaping—not as a policy engine
ZITADEL Actions can add claims or transform authorization context, but creating an Action alone does not make it run. It must be connected to a supported flow and trigger. The Actions overview and Actions concepts explain execution and configuration; the complement-token flow is relevant when adding claims to tokens.
For example, ZITADEL documents flattening role grants into a custom claim:
function flatRoles(ctx, api) {
if (ctx.v1.user.grants === undefined ||
ctx.v1.user.grants.count === 0) {
return;
}
const grants = [];
ctx.v1.user.grants.grants.forEach(grant => {
grant.roles.forEach(role => {
grants.push(grant.projectId + ":" + role);
});
});
api.v1.claims.setClaim("my:zitadel:grants", grants);
}A resulting claim might look like this:
{
"my:zitadel:grants": [
"project-id:project.read",
"project-id:project.editor"
]
}This makes grants easier for an application to consume; it does not decide whether a particular user may edit document:456. The API still has to evaluate the requested action and resource.
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Actions can also read organization metadata and emit an application-specific tenant identifier. For instance, an organization metadata value such as crm-id can map a ZITADEL organization to the identifier your business database uses. ZITADEL provides organization metadata and custom-claim examples. Treat such values as trusted only if they are managed through a trusted administrative path; never let an end user supply a privilege-bearing tenant claim.
Keep claims compact and relatively stable. Claims are snapshots issued with a token, not a live ACL. Avoid embedding every document entitlement or large, rapidly changing permission list. Actions also have failure and timeout behavior; if a security-critical claim transformation fails, ensure the configured flow does not silently continue in a way that grants access.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Enforce tenant and resource checks in the API
For straightforward tenant-scoped RBAC, a role check can be simple, but it must be combined with a resource-scope check:
def can_update_project(user, project):
return (
project.organization_id == user.organization_id
and "project.write" in user.roles
)For an invoice, document, or other object, load the object using an organization-scoped query where possible, then check the capability. This reduces the chance that a caller can probe or mutate another tenant’s records by changing an ID in a request. The frontend may hide buttons based on roles, but that is only a usability feature: the server is the enforcement point.
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For a modest system, tables such as organization_members, project_members, and document_acl may be sufficient. The application owns the rules, audit history, migrations, and consistency. For high-risk actions, consult current permissions rather than relying solely on an older token snapshot.
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When to add a dedicated authorization layer
Keep ZITADEL as the identity, organization, role-assignment, and token-context layer. Add application-owned checks or a policy service when decisions depend on individual resources, nested teams, sharing, delegation, inheritance, temporary access, or multiple relationship paths. For example: “A contractor may view but not export documents in projects managed by their team” is no longer just a global role lookup.
User
|
| OIDC login
v
ZITADEL (identity, tenant context, coarse roles)
|
v
API (token validation and enforcement point)
|
| subject + action + resource + context
v
Application policy or authorization engine
|
| allow / deny
v
Database operationA policy check might receive subject=user-123, action=document.edit, resource=document:456, and context such as organization=tenant-a. The API must still enforce the result before touching the resource.
| Approach | Use it when | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| ZITADEL roles and claims only | Stable, compact application or tenant RBAC is enough. | Claims are snapshots; resource-level rules can become awkward or unsafe to encode as roles. |
| ZITADEL plus application checks | Roles are simple and ownership or membership is easy to verify in your database. | Your team owns policy code, migrations, audits, and consistency. |
| ZITADEL plus OpenFGA/Auth0 FGA | Teams, sharing, nested objects, and relationship traversal dominate access decisions. | Add an authorization model, service dependency, and operational or vendor considerations. |
| ZITADEL plus Cedar | You want explicit, reviewable, testable policy-as-code. | You still need to choose and operate the evaluation architecture. |
| ZITADEL plus OPA/Rego | Authorization belongs in a broader platform policy program spanning APIs or infrastructure. | May be more operationally involved than needed for a simple application sharing model. |
OpenFGA is an open-source relationship-based authorization system inspired by Zanzibar; the FGA documentation describes modeling and checks. It is a better match than roles alone when access follows resource relationships, but unnecessary for an application with only a few stable tenant roles. WorkOS FGA may suit teams already using WorkOS identity products; adopting it solely for authorization in a ZITADEL-centered stack adds another platform. Cedar comparison research is useful context, but reported comparisons should not be treated as universal performance results. Choose based on your permission shape and operational needs, not a blanket claim that one engine is always better.
Test the policy, not just the login
Build tests for allow and deny paths before relying on the configuration in production. At minimum, cover:
- A user with the required role accessing a resource in their own organization.
- The same user requesting an equivalent resource in a different organization.
- A user missing the role, with the role claim missing, and with an invalid or expired token.
- Role removal while an older access token is still valid; verify the actual revocation delay for your chosen lookup and cache strategy.
- Action execution, timeout, and failure behavior where claims depend on Actions.
- Authorization-service timeout or unavailability; sensitive operations should fail closed rather than proceed on an uncertain decision.
- Cache invalidation and audit logging for grants, revocations, and consequential allow/deny decisions.
Log the subject, action, resource identifier, tenant, decision, and policy version where appropriate, while avoiding sensitive token contents. Identity audit events and authorization decision logs answer different questions; plan for both if your compliance or incident-response needs require them.
A practical decision rule
Use ZITADEL alone when your authorization model is primarily small, stable RBAC, roles are scoped clearly, and your API performs straightforward tenant and resource checks. Use ZITADEL plus application logic when relationships are simple and your database is the natural source of truth. Introduce OpenFGA or another policy system when access depends on a graph of subjects and resources, and consider Cedar or OPA when policy-as-code and broader policy governance are central requirements. In every design, validate the token, check the tenant boundary, authorize the specific action on the specific resource, and fail closed when the answer is unavailable.
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