Use a slugify function to turn titles into URL-safe slugs. In Django, the built-in django.utils.text.slugify is the simplest choice. In JavaScript, the slugify package provides configurable replacements, character removal, and lowercasing.
Django: use the built-in slugify function
Django includes a URL-slug generator, so you do not need an additional dependency:
from django.utils.text import slugify
slug = slugify("Hello, world! A URL slug")
print(slug)
# hello-world-a-url-slugBy default, Django’s function converts text to ASCII, lowercases it, removes characters outside letters, numbers, underscores, hyphens, and whitespace, changes whitespace or repeated dashes into single dashes, and trims whitespace, dashes, and underscores at the ends.
Preserve Unicode when required
Django defaults to ASCII output. Pass allow_unicode=True when the URL should retain Unicode characters:
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from django.utils.text import slugify
slug = slugify("Café 東京", allow_unicode=True)Choose the policy deliberately. ASCII slugs are broadly compatible and transliterate or discard characters that cannot be represented in ASCII; Unicode slugs retain non-Latin or accented characters but may require more careful handling across tools and systems.
JavaScript: use the documented slugify package
For JavaScript, the slugify package exposes a direct function and options for common URL rules:
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import slugify from 'slugify';
const slug = slugify('Hello, world!', { lower: true });
console.log(slug);
// hello-world-The package’s default replacement character is a hyphen. Its options include replacement for choosing another separator, remove for specifying characters to remove, and lower for lowercasing. It also maps many foreign symbols to English equivalents. Check the package’s current release and README before relying on a particular character map or option behavior.
Which implementation should you choose?
| Project | Recommended implementation | Default separator | Unicode behavior | Configuration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Django | django.utils.text.slugify |
Hyphen | ASCII by default; use allow_unicode=True to retain Unicode |
Built into Django |
| JavaScript | slugify package |
Hyphen by default | Uses a character map for many foreign symbols | replacement, remove, and lower options |
Match the slug to your route
Django’s documented slug path converter accepts ASCII letters and numbers, hyphens, and underscores. If your route uses that converter, generate output that stays within those characters, or select a route and Unicode policy that intentionally supports your requirements.
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from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('articles/<slug:slug>/', views.article_detail),
]The converter controls what can be matched in the URL; slugify controls how source text is transformed. Both choices need to agree.
Slugification does not prevent duplicate URLs
Slugification transforms text, but it does not make the result unique. For example, different titles can normalize to the same slug after punctuation is removed or letters are transliterated. If slugs identify database records, add application-level collision handling.
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Practical collision strategies
- Check whether the generated slug already exists before saving.
- Append a deterministic suffix such as a record ID when a collision occurs.
- Keep a stable internal identifier even when the public URL uses a slug.
- Decide how slug changes are handled so existing links can redirect or remain valid.
Do not assume that calling a slugify function twice with the same text will produce a unique database key; it will normally produce the same normalized value.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.A reliable slug-generation checklist
- Choose the language implementation. Use Django’s built-in function in Django, or the JavaScript package when working in JavaScript.
- Set the Unicode policy. Keep Django’s ASCII default for broadly compatible routes, or explicitly use
allow_unicode=Truewhen Unicode URLs are part of the design. - Confirm allowed route characters. Ensure the generated output matches the framework’s route converter or router.
- Normalize and test edge cases. Test punctuation, repeated spaces, repeated dashes, accented text, non-Latin text, and an input that contains only removable characters.
- Handle collisions separately. Enforce uniqueness in the application or database instead of expecting slugification to do it.
Common mistakes
Replacing spaces only
A simple space-to-dash replacement leaves punctuation, repeated separators, uppercase letters, and non-URL characters unresolved. Slugification applies the complete normalization process instead.
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Assuming ASCII and Unicode are interchangeable
Django’s default and allow_unicode=True produce different classes of output. Select one policy and use it consistently for generation, routing, storage, and redirects.
Using a slug as the only identity
A title can change, and two titles can normalize to the same value. Keep a stable record identifier and treat the slug as a public URL component rather than the sole identity of the record.
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